[1] Tab A lists acronyms, abbreviations, and glossary terms.

[2] Cureton, Charles H., US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991; With the 1st Marine Division in Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Washington, DC: US Marine Corps History and Museums Division, 1993, p. 130; 11th Marine Regiment, "11th Marines Command Chronology for 1 January to 28 February 1991," March 13, 1991; 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, "Command Chronology for Period 1 January to 28 February 1991," March 11, 1991; 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, "Command Chronology for the Period 1 January to 28 February 1991," Enclosure 1, March 12, 1991, p. 1-1; 3d Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, "Command Chronology for Period 1 January to 28 February 1991," March 12, 1991, Enclosure 1, p. 2; 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, "Command Chronology for Period 1 January to 15 February 1991," February 15, 1991; 3d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, "3d Battalion, 12th Marines Command Chronology," June 27, 1991, p. 2.

[3] 11th Marine Regiment, "11th Marines Command Chronology for 1 January to 28 February 1991," March 13, 1991.

[4] Lead Sheet #5863, Interview of commanding officer, 11th Marine Regiment, August 21, 1997, p. 2.

[5] Cureton, Charles H., US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991; With the 1st Marine Division in Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Washington, DC: US Marine Corps History and Museums Division, 1993, p. 26-27.

[6] Lead Sheet #6150, Interview of commander, Battery F, 2d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, October 17, 1997, p. 3.

[7] For this and other maps in this narrative, we generally based unit and other locations on several sources, primarily Cureton, Charles H., US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991; With the 1st Marine Division in Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Washington, DC: US Marine Corps History and Museums Division, 1993, augmented by various logs, journals, and command chronologies. Locations are approximate at the scales displayed.

[8] Cureton, Charles H., US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991; With the 1st Marine Division in Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Washington, DC: US Marine Corps History and Museums Division, 1993, p. 89.

[9] The Central Intelligence Agency, Defense Intelligence Agency, Bureau of Intelligence and Research (Department of State), National Security Agency, National Imagery and Mapping Agency, military services' intelligence staffs and centers, and several other organizations in the Departments of Defense, Treasury, Justice, and Energy comprise the intelligence community. Military intelligence includes information at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels. Central Intelligence Agency, "Factbook on Intelligence," 1997, web site www.odci.gov/cia/publications/facttel/intcomm.htm (as of July 2, 1999).

[10] Central Intelligence Agency, Persian Gulf War Illnesses Task Force, "Khamisiyah: A Historical Perspective on Related Intelligence," April 9, 1997.

[11] Central Intelligence Agency, "Iraq and the Gulf War, 1990-91," undated; Central Intelligence Agency, "Iraq, Potential for Chemical Weapon Use," January 25, 1991.

[12] The United Nations Blue Book Series, Volume IX, "The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict, 1990-1996," New York, Department of Public Information, 1996, p. 502.

[13] Central Intelligence Agency, Persian Gulf War Illnesses Task Force, "Khamisiyah: A Historical Perspective on Related Intelligence," April 9, 1997; testimony of Sylvia Copeland, Central Intelligence Agency, before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, Chicago, Illinois, July 9, 1996; testimony of Charles Duelfer and Igor A. Mitrokhin, United Nations Special Commission on Iraq, before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, Buffalo, New York, July 29, 1997.

[14] US Air Force, Gulf War Air Power Survey, Volume II, Part II, Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1993, p. 109.

[15] US Army Field Manual 3-4, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-09, "NBC Protection," May 29, 1992, p. 2-3, 2-4; Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "Mission Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) and Chemical Defense" (Information Paper), November 13, 1997, p. 4.

[16] Lead Sheet #6036, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, September 30, 1997, p. 2; General Dynamics Situation Report #107, January 26, 1991; General Dynamics Situation Report #116, February 6, 1991; 3d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, "3d Battalion, 12th Marines Command Chronology," June 27, 1991, p. 3.

[17] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, and Mary Frances Tracy, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, October 1995, October, 1995, p. 390-391, 408-409, 412-414, 426-428, 430-431. "Copies of the Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook may be purchased from the CBIAC. To order, please contact James M. King, CBIAC Administrator, via phone (410-676-9030), fax (410-676-9703), e-mail (cbiac@battelle.org), or use the interactive request form on the CBIAC website (http://www.cbiac.apgea.army.mil/)."

[18] Lead Sheet #5863, Interview of commanding officer, 11th Marine Regiment, April 15, 1998, p. 3.

[19] See the glossary in Tab A for definitions of the terms incident, alert, and alarm used in this narrative.

[20] Walters, Kenneth R. et al., Gulf War Weather, Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, USAF Environmental Technical Applications Center, March 1992, p. 3-2, 3-5, 3-7, 3-9, 3-10, 3-12, 3-13, 3-14, 3-19, 3-20, 3-36, 3-87, 3-89, 3-90, 3-91, 3-94, 3-95, 3-97, 3-99.

[21] As this investigation evolved, we used three different serialization systems to label incidents. Tab G describes how these systems relate to each other. All incident times are local time in the Kuwait theater of operations.

[22] 11th Marine Regiment Message, Subject: "Situation Report Number 135," 181200Z Jan 91.

[23] Condition Red meant attack is imminent; go to MOPP Level 4. Condition Yellow meant attack probable, units maintain MOPP Level 0 (no protection worn). Memorandum from commanding general, 1st Force Service Support Group, subject: "Policy for NBC Defense Preparedness for 1st FSSG Personnel," October 13, 1990, p. 2.

[24] 3d Marine Regiment, "Incidents, Messages Journal, Orders," January 17, 1991, p. 1; Lead Sheet #5952, Interview of commanding officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 5, 1997, p. 2.

[25] For this and all following incident maps, where wind direction was variable within 45 degrees, we so depict by connected arrows for the respective directions. Local wind direction may have been somewhat different.

[26] Lead Sheet #5969, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical non-commissioned officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 5, 1997, p. 1-2; Lead Sheet #5952, Interview of commanding officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 5, 1997, p. 2; Lead Sheet #26556, Interview of commanding officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, April 14, 2000, p. 1.

[27] Defense Special Missile and Astronautics Center Message, Subject: "Mideast Conflict: Iraqi SRBM Launch Summary Through 26 February 1991," 271603Z Feb 91.

[28] 11th Marine Regiment, "11th Marines Command Chronology for 1 January to 28 February 1991," March 13, 1991; 3d Marine Regiment, "Incidents, Messages, Journal, Orders," January 18, 1991, p. 1.

[29] Lead Sheet #5952, Interview of commanding officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 5, 1997, p. 3.

[30] Defense Special Missile and Astronautics Center Message, Subject: "Mideast Conflict: Iraq SRBM Launch Summary through 26 February 1991," 271603Z Feb 91; Lovelace, Joseph, "Electronic Noise from U.S. Gear Prompted Errant Patriots," Defense Week, September 28, 1992, p.1; Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "Iraq's Scud Ballistic Missiles," (Information Paper), February 5, 2001, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/scud_info.

[31] Lead Sheet #5702, Interview of field radio operator, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, August 15, 1997, p. 3.

[32] Attachment to 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment "Command Chronology 1 January-15 February," February 15, 1991, "Time Line for Raid 20-21 Jan 1991," p. 2.

[33] 11th Marine Regiment, "11th Marines Command Chronology for 1 January to 28 February 1991," March 13, 1991.

[34] Lead Sheet #6029, Interview of operations officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 16, 1997, p. 1.

[35] Lead Sheet #6150, Interview of commander, Battery F, 2d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, October 17, 1997, p. 3, 4.

[36] Lead Sheet #6029, Interview of operations officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 16, 1997, p. 1.

[37] Attachment to 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment "Command Chronology 1 January-15 February," February 15, 1991, Time Line for Raid 20-21 January 1991, p. 2; Lead Sheet #6150, Interview of commander, Battery F, 2d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, October 17, 1997, p. 3.

[38] Lead Sheet #5702, Interview of field radio operator, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 11, 1997, p. 1, 2.

[39] Lead Sheet #6029, Interview of S3A (operations officer), 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 16, 1997, p. 2; Attachment to 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment "Command Chronology 1 January-1 February," February 15, 1991, "Time Line for Raid 20-21 January 1991," p. 2.

[40] Lead Sheet #5702, Interview of field radio operator, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 16, 1997, p. 3.

[41] Lead Sheet #5952, Interview of commanding officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 5, 1997, p. 3.

[42] Lead Sheet #6171, Interview of S-2 (intelligence officer), 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 22, 1997, p. 3.

[43] Lead Sheet #6150, Interview of commander, Battery F, 2d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, October 17, 1997, p. 3.

[44] Lead Sheet #6150, Interview of commander, Battery F, 2d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, October 17, 1997, p. 2-4; Lead Sheet #6029, Interview of operations officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 16, 1997, p. 1-2.

[45] Lead Sheet #5702, Interview of field radio operator, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, August 15, 1997, p. 2, 3.

[46] Lead Sheet #6171, Interview of S-2 (intelligence officer), 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 22 and October 23, 1997, p. 2-3; Lead Sheet #5955, Interview of communications officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 3, 1997, p. 2.

[47] Lead Sheet #6310, Interview of operations officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 24, 1997 and April 27, 1998, p. 2, 3.

[48] Lead Sheet #5952, Interview of commanding officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 5, 1997, p. 4.

[49] Lead Sheet #6029, Interview of operations officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 16, 1997, p. 2.

[50] Lead Sheet #6330, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 11th Marine Regiment, October 6, 1997, p. 6.

[51] Lead Sheet #5955, Interview of communications officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 3, 1997, p. 2.

[52] Lead Sheet #6029, Interview of operations officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 16, 1997, p. 2; Lead Sheet #6330, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 11th Marine Regiment, October 6, 1997, p. 6; Lead Sheet #5955, Interview of communications officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 3, 1997, p. 2; Lead Sheet #6310, Interview of operations officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 24, 1997, p. 2; Lead Sheet #6150, Interview of commander, Battery F, 2d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, October 17, 1997, p. 3.

[53] Lead Sheet #6150, Interview of commander, Battery F, 2d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, October 17, 1997, p. 3.

[54] 11th Marine Regiment, "11th Marines Command Chronology for 1 January to 28 February 1991," March 13, 1991.

[55] Lead Sheet #5955, Interview of communications officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 3, 1997, p. 2.

[56] Frisbee, William S., Jr., "Mortars," web site web.qx.net/warcat/MilSF/mortars.htm (as of January 23, 2001).

[57] United Nations Special Commission, "UNSCOM Comprehensive Review," Enclosure 1, January 25, 1999, web site www.un.org (as of May 19, 2000); The United Nations Blue Book Series, Volume IX, "The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict, 1990-1996," New York, Department of Public Information, 1996, p. 358, 502, 584, 656; testimony of Charles Duelfer and Igor A. Mitrokhin, United Nations Special Commission on Iraq, before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, Buffalo, New York, July 29, 1997.

[58] US Air Force Gulf War Air Power Survey, Volume II, Part II, Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1993, p. 105, 109.

[59] Lead Sheet #6150, Interview of commander, Battery F, 2d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, October 17, 1997, p. 3; Lead Sheet #6171, Interview of S-2 (intelligence officer), 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 22, 1997, p. 2.

[60] Lead Sheet #5955, Interview of communications officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 3, 1997, p. 2.

[61] Lead Sheet #6310, Interview of operations officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 24, 1997, p. 2.

[62] Walters, Kenneth R., Sr., Major Kathleen M. Traxler, Michael T. Gilford, Captain Richard D Arnold, Technical Sergeant Richard C. Bonam, and Technical Sergeant Kenneth R. Gibson, Gulf War Weather, Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, US Air Force Environmental Technical Applications Center, March 1992, p. 3-14.

[63] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 14-51.

[64] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, page 17-21, 23-24, 30-31, 38-39.

[65] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, and Mary Frances Tracy, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, October 1995, October 1995, p. 431.

[66] US Air Force, Gulf War Air Power Survey (GWAPS) Mission Database (U), 1993 (SECRET).

[67] XVIII Airborne Corps, "Operation Desert Storm Chronology," undated; Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "Iraq's Scud Ballistic Missiles" (Information Paper), February 5, 2001 on web site www.gulflink.health.mil/scud_info.

[68] Lead Sheet #5531, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical non-commissioned officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, July 30, 1997 and January 29, 1998, p. 3, 4.

[69] Lead Sheet #6029, Interview of operations officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 25, 1997, p. 2.

[70] Lead Sheet #5531, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical non-commissioned officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, July 30, 1997, p. 4; Cureton, Charles H., US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991; With the 1st Marine Division in Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Washington, DC: US Marine Corps History and Museums Division, 1993, p. 104.

[71] Lead Sheet #6330, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 11th Marine Regiment, October 6, 1997, p. 2-3.

[72] 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, "Command Chronology 16-28 Feb 1991," March 7, 1991, Time Line for Raid 23-24 Jan 1991, p. 1; 11th Marine Regiment, "11th Marines Command Chronology for 1 January to 28 February 1991," Enclosure 1, March 13, 1991.

[73] Lead Sheet #5531, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical non-commissioned officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, April 27, 1998, p. 5.

[74] "Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects," June 1994, Table 18.

[75] Lead Sheet #5531, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical non-commissioned officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, July 30, 1997, p. 4.

[76] Lead Sheet #8942, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 11th Marine Regiment, January 8, 1998, p. 3-4.

[77] XVIII Airborne Corps, "Message from Journal Log," January 30, 1991.

[78] 1st Marine Division Fire Support Coordination Center, "Journal," January 28-30, 1991.

[79] US Army Component US Central Command, "Lucky TAC Spot Report," January 30, 1991.

[80] 11th Marine Regiment Message, Subject: "Situation Report Number 148," 311200C Jan 91.

[81] 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, "Command Chronology for the Period 1 January to 28 February 1991," March 12, 1991, p. 3-1.

[82] Lead Sheet #27534, Interview of executive officer, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, various dates, p. 2-3.

[83] Lead Sheet #27534, Interview of executive officer, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, various dates, p. 2-3.

[84] Lead Sheet #26614, Interview of commanding officer, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, April 20 and August 29, 2000, p. 2-3.

[85] Lead Sheet #26902, Interview of operations officer, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, May 19, 2000, p. 4-5; Lead Sheet #15515, Interview of commander, Battery S, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, August 10, 2000, p. 2; Lead Sheet #27599, Interview of commander, Battery R, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, August 29, 2000, p. 2; Lead Sheet #27678, Interview of assistant logistics officer, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, September 8, 2000, p. 1.

[86] Lead Sheet #27547, Interview of sergeant major, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, August 25, 2000, p. 1; Lead Sheet #27640, Interview of operations chief, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, September 5, 2000, p. 1.

[87] Lead Sheet #27610, Interview of assistant operations officer, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, August 30, 2000, p. 1-2.

[88] 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, "Command Chronology for the Period 1 January to 28 February 1991," March 12, 1991, Enclosure 3.

[89] Lead Sheet #27663, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, September 7, 2000, p. 2.

[90] Lead Sheet #27706, Interview of executive officer, Battery R, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, September 11 and 13, 2000, p. 1-2.

[91] Lead Sheet #30040, Interview of driver, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, April 5, 2001, p. 1-2.

[92] Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology Division letter, subject: "Oozing and Fizzing Munitions at the An Nasiriyah SW ASP," Indian Head, Maryland, January 27, 1998; Lead Sheet #27296, Interview of ground munitions technologist, Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology Division, July 10, 2000, p. 1.

[93] Cureton, Charles H., US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991; With the 1st Marine Division in Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Washington, DC: US Marine Corps History and Museums Division, 1993, p. 81, 85.

[94] 11th Marines Regiment, "11th Marines War Journal G Day 24 Feb 91," undated; 1st Marine Division, "Situation Chronology," undated; 11th Marine Regiment, "11th Marines Command Chronology for 1 January to 28 February 91," March 13, 1991.

[95] Initial Call Report for survey officer, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, Incident ID# 651001124, April 4, 1997, p. 1.

[96] 1st Marine Division, "Situation Chronology," undated.

[97] Lead Sheet #6612, Interview of field radio operator, Headquarters Company, 7th Marine Regiment, December 17, 1997, p. 2-3.

[98] Lead Sheet #6271, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical non-commissioned officer, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, November 3, 1997, p 2.

[99] Lead Sheet #5614, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 1st Marine Division (Forward), April 9, 1998, p. 5. This witness added that what he saw would not have been an effective chemical warfare agent delivery system.

[100] Walters, Kenneth R., Sr., Major Kathleen M. Traxler, Michael T. Gilford, Captain Richard D Arnold, Technical Sergeant Richard C. Bonam, and Technical Sergeant Kenneth R. Gibson, Gulf War Weather, US Air Force Environmental Technical Applications Center, Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, March 1992, p. 3-87.

[101] Lead Sheet #6552, Interview of operations officer, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, October 28, 1997, p. 2; Lead Sheet #7003, Interview of commanding officer, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, November 13, 1997, p. 2.

[102] Lead Sheet #6036, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, September 30, 1997, p. 2.

[103] Lead Sheet #14144, Interview of executive officer, Battery S, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, November 12, 1997, p. 1; Lead Sheet #7010, Interview of non-commissioned officer, Battery S, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, November 14, 1997, p. 1; Lead Sheet #15783, Interview of commander, Battery T, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, March 31, 1998, p. 2; Lead Sheet #6036, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, September 30, 1997, p. 2. None of these witnesses have been able to identify the Marine who operated the RSCAAL.

[104] Lead Sheet #6036, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, September 30, 1997, p. 2. This nuclear, biological, chemical officer stated that one individual said the airbursts set off an M8A1 alarm. No other Marines interviewed recalled hearing an M8A1 alarm sound.

[105] Lead Sheet #6271, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical non-commissioned officer, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, October 2, 1997, p. 2.

[106] Lead Sheet #15783, Interview of commander, Battery T, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, March 31, 1998, p. 1.

[107] Lead Sheet #6493, Interview of survey officer, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, December 15, 1997, p. 3.

[108] Lead Sheet #5555, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, Task Force Ripper, April 14, 1998, p. 6.

[109] Lead Sheet #5614, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 1st Marine Division (Forward), April 9, 1998, p. 5."

[110] Lead Sheet #26817, subject: "PSOB Meeting with SBCCOM," May 12 and June 1, 2000, p. 7; Lead Sheet #23181, subject: "Meeting with Fox Subject Matter Experts," various dates, p. 1, 4.

[111] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), March 27, 2001, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc.

[112] Lead Sheet #6330, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 11th Marine Regiment, March 17, 1998, p. 1-2. This witness later clarified he was referring to the sergeant major of the 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, not the Battery S first sergeant.

[113] Assessments before and during the war indicated Iraq produced lewisite, but post war inspections determined they did not have this blister agent. Central Intelligence Agency, subject: "Iraqi Chemical Warfare Capabilities," February 1991; US Army Operational Security Group, "IIR 2 201 0022 92/Inspection of Chemical Warfare Facilities," August 1991, p. 2.

[114] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11 (adopted as NATO Field Manual 8-285), "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, sections 4-7, 4-8, and 4-9.

[115] Lead Sheet #27547, Interview of sergeant major, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, March 23, 2001, p. 2.

[116] Lead Sheet #15515, Interview of commander, Battery S, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, March 19, 1998, p. 2.

[117] Lead Sheet #14144, Interview of executive officer, Battery S, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, March 18, 1998, p. 2.

[118] Memorandum from 11th Marine Regiment surgeon to commanding officer, 11th Marine Regiment, "Chronological Report - Regimental Medical for Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm," March 11, 1991, p. 2.

[119] Lead Sheet #16158, Interview of regimental surgeon, 11th Marine Regiment, April 22, 1998, p. 1; Lead Sheet #16083, Interview of chief corpsman, 11th Marine Regiment, April 15, 1998, p. 1.

[120] Lead Sheet #14144, Interview of executive officer, Battery S, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, November 12, 1997, p. 1.; Lead Sheet #15515, Interview of commander, Battery S, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, November 10, 1997, p. 1. In another interview, a Marine non-commissioned officer assigned to Battery S, 5/11 cited problems with the RSCAAL, e.g., it went off at least once or twice a day. His unit was worried the RSCAAL would detect fumes from the oil well fires. See Lead Sheet #7010, Interview of non-commissioned officer, Battery S, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, November 14, 1997, p. 1. The Battery T, 5/11, commander also cited problems with the RSCAAL, noting recurring false alarms; Lead Sheet #15783, Interview of commander, Battery T, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, March 31, 1998, p. 2; Lead Sheet #27547, Interview of sergeant major, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, March 23, 2001, p. 2.

[121] Lead Sheet #14144, Interview of executive officer, Battery S, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, November 12, 1997, p. 1.

[122] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 17-18.

[123] "Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects," June 1994; Lead Sheet #764, Interview of Fox expert, US Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command, May 28, 1996, p. 1-2.

[124] For example, in the past miners used canaries as sensitive detectors of deadly gas in coal mines, and other birds can react similarly. Kuchta, David, "Pennsylvania Coal Mine Region," web site www.tccweb.org (as of October 4,2000); "Endangered Birds," web site www.kaytee.com (as of December 5, 2000).

[125] Lead Sheet #5968, Interview of operations officer, 11th Marine Regiment, September 3, 1997, p. 2; 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, "General Summary of Action (Operation Desert Storm G-2 to G+3)," February 26 to February 27, 1991, p. 2.

[126] Cureton, Charles H., US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991; With the 1st Marine Division in Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Washington, DC: US Marine Corps History and Museums Division, 1993, p. 99-100; 11th Marine Regiment, "11th Marines Command Chronology for 1 January to 28 February 1991," March 13, 1991, p. 8, 54.

[127] Lead Sheet #6530, Interview of commander, Battery H, 3d Battalion, 14th Marine Regiment, October 22, 1997, p. 1.

[128] Cureton, Charles H., US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991; With the 1st Marine Division in Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Washington, DC: US Marine Corps History and Museums Division, 1993, p. 101.

[129] The United Nations Blue Book Series, Volume IX, "The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict, 1990-1996," New York, United Nations, Department of Public Information, 1996, p. 358, 584, 656; Central Intelligence Agency, Persian Gulf War Illnesses Task Force, "Highlights of Intelligence and Warnings About Chemical Weapons at Khamisiyah," July 21, 1997, p. 22.

[130] Lead Sheet #6330, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 11th Marine Regiment, March 17, 1998, p. 2.

[131] Lead Sheet #29778, Interview of intelligence officer, 11th Marine Regiment, February 26, 2001, p. 1.

[132] 3d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, "Marines Summary of Action," undated.

[133] 3d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, "3d Battalion, 12th Marines Command Chronology," June 27, 1991.

[134] 11th Marine Regiment, "11th Marines War Journal G Day 24 Feb 91," undated.

[135] 11th Marine Regiment, "11th Marines War Journal G Day 24 Feb 91," undated.

[136] 11th Marine Regiment, "11th Marines War Journal G Day 24 Feb 91," undated.

[137] 1st Marine Division, "1st MARDIV Desert Storm Combat history Notes D-3 - D+5," undated.

[138] Lead Sheet #5968, Interview of operations officer, 11th Marine Regiment, September 3, 1997, p. 1.

[139] Lead Sheet #6330, Interview of 11th Marine Regiment nuclear, biological, chemical officer, March 19, 1998, p. 3, 5.

[140] Defense Intelligence Agency, "Iraq-Kuwait: Situation Update," DSA 151A-91, February 14, 1991, p. 2.

[141] Lead Sheet #6316, Interview of commanding officer, 3d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, October 6, 1997, p. 2.

[142] Lead Sheet #5788, Interview of commanding officer, 3d Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, August 21, 1997, p. 2. For reports of 3/11 detections, see Incident G-Initial Reports, Incident I-Additional Evidence, and Incidents L, M, and N-Additional Evidence.

[143] Lead Sheet #5823, Interview of operations and nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 3d Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, August 22, 1997, p. 2.

[144] Lead Sheet #26707, Interview of Navy corpsman, 3d Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, March 12, 1998 and April 27, 2000, p. 1-2, 5.

[145] Defense Intelligence Agency Message, Subject: "DIA Middle East-Africa INTSUM 37-91/13 Jan 91, Iraq: Air Force Capability to Delivery [sic] Chemical Weapons," 131850Z Jan 91, p. 2-3.

[146] Lead Sheet #26608, Interview of Marine sergeant, 3d Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, April 13, 2000, p. 1-2.

[147] Lead Sheet #26560, Interview of hospital corpsman, Headquarters Battery, 3d Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, April 17, 2000, p. 2.

[148] Lead Sheet #26615, Interview of NBC NCO, 3d Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, April 19, 2000.

[149] Zylstra, D. R., "Final Report for Development Test II (Prototype Qualification Test-Government) of the XM256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," US Army Chemical Laboratory Systems Report DPG-FR-76-201, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, March 1977, p. 109-112.

[150] Lead Sheet #27296, Interview of ground munitions technologist, Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology Division, July 10 and 12, 2000.

[151] Letter from Commanding Officer, Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology Division to Gulf War Illness Investigation, Subject: "Oozing and Fizzing Munitions at the An Nasiriyah SW ASP," Indian Head, Maryland, January 27, 1998, p. 1; Lead Sheet #27296, Interview of ground munitions technologist, Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology Division, July 10, 2000, p. 1-2: Lead Sheet #11833, Interview of soldier, 307th Engineer Battalion, November 4, 1997, p. 1; US Army Materiel Command Regulation No. 385-100, "Safety Manual," April 4, 1996, web site web7.whs.osd.mil (as of July 7, 2000).

[152] Lead Sheet #27296, Interview of ground munitions technologist, Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology Division, July 12, 2000, p. 2. This interviewee provided this picture.

[153] 11th Marine Regiment, "11th Marines War Journal G Day 24 Feb 91," undated.

[154] 1st Combat Engineer Battalion, "Command Chronology for 1 Jan to 28 Feb 91," March 15, 1991; 1st Marine Division, "Ripper 24 Feb 91," undated; 3d Assault Amphibian Battalion, "Command Chronology 3d Assault Amphibian Battalion Jan - Jun 1991," undated.

[155] Cureton, Charles H., US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991; With the 1st Marine Division in Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Washington, DC: US Marine Corps History and Museums Division, 1993, p. 104.

[156] Lead Sheet #29654, Interview of platoon commander, Battery A, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, February 12, 2001, p. 1-2.

[157] Lead Sheet #29726, Interview of platoon commander, Battery A, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, February 19, 2001, p. 1.

[158] Lead Sheet #5863, Interview of commanding officer, 11th Marine Regiment, August 21, 1997, p. 3; Lead Sheet #6316, Interview of commanding officer, 3d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, October 6, 1997, p. 2; Lead Sheet #5555, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, Task Force Ripper, July 23, 1997, p. 5.

[159] Lead Sheet #6071, Interview of commander, Battery A, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, November 19, 1997, p. 2.

[160] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "Al Jaber Air Base" (Case Narrative), September 22, 1997, p. 12-13, 15, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/aljaber.

[161] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "Al Jaber Air Base" (Case Narrative), September 22, 1997, p. 15-16, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/aljaber.

[162] Lead Sheet #6990, Interview of commanding officer, Task Force Ripper, November 4-5, 1997, p. 2, 3; Lead Sheet #5555, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, Task Force Ripper, July 23, 1997, p. 4-5.

[163] 1st Marine Division, "Situation Chronology," undated; 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, "General Summary of Action (Operation Desert Storm G-2 to G-3)," February 26 to February 27, 1991, p. 2.

[164] Cureton, Charles H., US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991; With the 1st Marine Division in Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Washington, DC: US Marine Corps History and Museums Division, 1993, p. 104.

[165] 11th Marine Regiment, "11th Marines Command Chronology for 1 January to 28 February 1991," March 13, 1991; US Central Command, "NBC Desk Log," February 26, 1991, undated; 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, "Command Chronology for Period 1 January to 28 February 91," March 11, 1991; 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, "General Summary of Action (Operation Desert Storm G-2 To G-3)," February 26 to February 27, 1991, p. 2.

[166] Lead Sheet #6330, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 11th Marine Regiment, March 17 and 19, 1998, p. 2, 3.

[167] NBC Battle Assessment Study Group (Manley Report), "Interview with Chief Warrant Officer [redacted]," March 7, 1991, p. 10-11; Lead Sheet #26618, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, Task Force Papa Bear, October 7, 1997, April 21, 2000, p. 4-5. For more information on the Fox, see Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), March 27, 2001, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc.

[168] Lead Sheet #5823, Interview of operations and nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 3d Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, August 22, 1997, p. 1.

[169] Lead Sheet #26603, Interview of commander, Battery A, 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, August 25, 1997, April 19, 2000, p. 1-2.

[170] Lead Sheet #5883, Interview of commanding officer, 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, August 21, 1997, p. 2.

[171] Lead Sheet #6197, Interview of commander, Guns Platoon, Battery A, 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, September 30, 1997, p. 1-2.

[172] Lead Sheet #5903, Interview of commander, Battery A, 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, August 25, 1997, p. 1-2.

[173] Lead Sheet #6033, Interview of executive officer, Battery A, 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, September 17, 1997, p. 2.

[174] Lead Sheet #6330, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 11th Marine Regiment, March 19, 1998, p. 3.

[175] Lead Sheet #6997, Interview of operations officer, 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, September 3, 1997, p. 2.

[176] 11th Marine Regiment, "11th Marines Command Chronology for 1 January to 28 February 1991," March 13, 1991, p. 16-17; Lead Sheet #6330, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 11th Marine Regiment, October 6, 1997, p. 6.

[177] Lead Sheet #26872, Interview of Fox vehicle commander, May 18, 2000, p. 2-3.

[178] Laughlin, Leo, E-mail Message, Subject: "RE: 11th Marines Question," June 14, 2000, at 9:21 AM. Dr. Laughlin is an expert on chemical warfare agents with the Battelle Memorial Institute's Crystal City Operations in Arlington, Virginia.

[179] Laughlin, Leo, E-mail Message, Subject: "RE: 11th Marines Question," June 14, 2000, at 9:21 AM.

[180] Walters, Kenneth R. et al., Gulf War Weather, Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, USAF Environmental Technical Applications Center, March 1992, p. 3-95; Laughlin, Leo, E-mail Message, Subject: "RE: 11th Marines Question," June 14, 2000, at 9:21 AM.

[181] Dugway Proving Ground, Chemical/Biological Technical Data Source Book, Vol. XIII, "Detection, Identification and Warning," Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, DPG/JOD-91/010, July 1991, p. 26.

[182] Walters, Kenneth R. et al., Gulf War Weather, Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, US Air Force Environmental Technical Applications Center, March 1992, p. 3-95.

[183] Lead Sheet #6330, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 11th Marine Regiment, March 18 / 19, 1998, p. 3.

[184] Lead Sheet #26603, Interview of commander, Battery A, 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, April 19, 2000, p. 2.

[185] The United Nations Blue Book Series, Volume IX, "The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict, 1990-1996," New York, Department of Public Information, 1996, p. 358, 584, 656.

[186] Zylstra, D. R., "Final Report for Development Test II (Prototype Qualification Test-Government) of the XM256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," US Army Chemical Laboratory Systems Report DPG-FR-76-201, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, March 1977, p. 112.

[187] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 32.

[188] Lead Sheet #26817, Presidential Special Oversight Board General Interest Items, May 12, 2000, p. 4.

[189] Lead Sheet #23181, Meetings with Fox subject matter experts, May 6, 1999, p. 3.

[190] 1st Marine Division, "Situation Chronology," Task Force Ripper section, undated; 1st Combat Engineer Battalion, "Command Chronology for 1 Jan to 28 Feb 91," March 15, 1991.

[191] Lead Sheet #5883, Interview of commanding officer, 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, August 21, 1997, p. 3.

[192] 1st Marine Regiment (Task Force Papa Bear) "Summary of Action for Operation Desert Storm (24-27 February 1991)," March 18, 1991.

[193] 1st Marine Division, "Summary of Action for Operation Desert Storm (24-27 February 1991)," March 18, 1991; 1st Marine Division, "Situation Chronology," undated; 1st Combat Engineer Battalion, "Command Chronology for 1 Jan to 28 Feb 91," March 15, 1991; 1st Marine Division, "Input for 1st MARDIV Summary of Action," March 12, 1991.

[194] NBC Battle Assessment Study Group (Manley Report), "Interview with Chief Warrant Officer [redacted]," March 7, 1991, p. 11-12.

[195] Lead Sheet #5555, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, Task Force Ripper, July 23, 1997, p. 4.

[196] Lead Sheet #6195, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, Task Force Papa Bear, October 7, 1997, p. 2-3.

[197] Lead Sheet #6496, Interview of operations officer, Task Force Papa Bear, October 21, 1997, p. 1, 2.

[198] Operations officer, 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, personal journal, undated, p. 6. This witness explained he wrote numerous journal entries after the fact. His February 28 entry included many events that had occurred over the previous four days. He noted he was simply too busy with the ground war to write daily in his personal journal.

[199] Lead Sheet #5783, Interview of operations officer, 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, November 17, 1997, p. 1-2.

[200] Lead Sheet #6311, Interview of S-2 (intelligence officer), 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, October 3, 1997, p. 2. For an additional description of the smoke, see Lead Sheet #6312, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical non-commissioned officer, 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, October 9, 1997, p. 2.

[201] Lead Sheet #20473, Interview of infantry officer, 3d Battalion, 9th Marine Regiment, February 10, 1999, p. 2.

[202] NBC Battle Assessment Study Group (Manley Report), "Interview with Chief Warrant Officer [redacted]," March 7, 1991, p. 13.

[203] Lead Sheet #6312, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical non-commissioned officer, 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, October 3, 1997, p. 2.

[204] Operations officer, 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, personal journal, undated, p. 6.

[205] Lead Sheet #6195, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, Task Force Papa Bear, October 7, 1997, p. 3.

[206] NBC Battle Assessment Study Group (Manley Report), "Interview with Chief Warrant Officer [redacted]," March 7, 1991, p. 12-13.

[207] Lead Sheet #6496, Interview of operations officer, Task Force Papa Bear, October 21, 1997, p. 2.

[208] Lead Sheet #6195, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, Task Force Papa Bear, October 7, 1997, p. 3.

[209] Lead Sheet #6997, Interview of operations officer, 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, November 12, 1997, p. 3.

[210] Lead Sheet #6970, Interview of executive officer, Task Force Papa Bear, November 11, 1997, p. 1. Other witnesses reported units in the immediate area took incoming artillery fire soon after the yellow smoke alert. This Marine, however, recalled no artillery before or after the event.

[211] Lead Sheet #6312, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical non-commissioned officer, 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, October 9 1997, p. 2. This witness did not recall conducting any M256 tests or operating a CAM in response to this incident.

[212] Lead Sheet #6552, Interview of operations officer, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, April 22, 1998, p. 4.

[213] Joint Staff, Intelligence Information Report 6 884 0825 90, subject: "Iraqi Corps Boundaries Identified," Washington, DC, September 1990.

[214] Lead Sheet #6195, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, Task Force Papa Bear, October 7, 1997, p. 3.

[215] Lead Sheet #6492, Interview of explosive ordnance disposal specialist, 2d Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, II Marine Expeditionary Force, October 20, 1997, p. 2. The 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment nuclear, biological, chemical non-commissioned officer did not recall anyone blowing up any ammunition; Lead Sheet #6312, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical non-commissioned officer, 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, October 9, 1997, p. 2.

[216] Lead Sheet #7130, Interview of armor officer, 2d Armored Cavalry Regiment, November 12, 1997, p. 1.

[217] Lead Sheet #6552, Interview of operations officer, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, April 22, 1998, p 4.

[218] Lead Sheet #6970, Interview of executive officer, Task Force Papa Bear, November 11, 1997, p. 1.

[219] Lead Sheet #20681, Interview of fire controlman, Headquarters Battery, 3d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, various dates, p. 1, 2, 3.

[220] Lead Sheet #20681, Interview of fire controlman, Headquarters Battery, 3d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, various dates, p. 1, 3, 4.

[221] Lead Sheet #27480, Interview of fire controlman, Headquarters Battery, 3d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, various dates.

[222] Lead Sheet #26557, Interview of commander, Headquarters Battery, 3d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, April 17, 2000, p. 1.

[223] Federation of American Scientists, "2S1 M-1974 Gvodzika (Carnation) 122-mm Self-Propelled Howitzer," web site: www.fas.org (as of February 1, 2001).

[224] Lead Sheet #26566, Interview of sergeant major, 3d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, April 18, 2000, p. 1.

[225] Lead Sheet #26771, Interview of engineer equipment officer, 11th Marine Regiment, May 9, 2000, p. 1.

[226] Lead Sheet #26750, Interview of commanding officer, 1st Combat Engineer Battalion, May 3, 2000, p. 2.

[227] United Nations Special Commission, "UNSCOM Comprehensive Review," Enclosure 1, January 25, 1999, web site www.un.org (as of May 19, 2000).

[228] Central Intelligence Agency, Persian Gulf War Illnesses Task Force, "Highlights of Intelligence and Warnings About Chemical Weapons at Khamisiyah," July 21, 1997, p. 22.

[229] Lead Sheet #6195, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, Task Force Papa Bear, October 7, 1997, p. 2; Lead Sheet #5803, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical non-commissioned officer, 1st Marine Division, August 20, 1997, p. 2; Lead Sheet #6370, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, I Marine Expeditionary Force, October 8, 1997, p. 2. The operations officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, thought the Fox nuclear, biological, chemical reconnaissance vehicle was the best chemical detector; Lead Sheet #6371, Interview of operations officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, October 8, 1997, p. 2.

[230] "Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects," June 1994, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/dsbrpt/warfare.html (as of June 28, 1999); Lead Sheet #764, Interview of Fox expert, US Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command, May 28, 1996, p. 1-2. The Fox expert works at the NBC Reconnaissance Systems, US Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command (now known as the US Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command- SBCCOM), Edgewood, Maryland. The air volume drawn through the sampling tube is approximately 300 times LESS than in other detectors, such as the M43A1, designed specifically for vapor detection.

[231] "Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects," June 1994, Table 18.

[232] Lead Sheet #5614, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 1st Marine Division (Forward), December 12, 1996, p. 4.

[233] Ford, Michael S., and W. E. Newton, "International Materiel Evaluation (IME) of the German NBC Reconnaissance System," Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, April 1989, abstract.

[234] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, and Mary Frances Tracy, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, October 1995, October 1995, p. 431; Zylstra, D. R., "Final Report for Development Test II (Prototype Qualification Test-Government) of the XM256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," US Army Chemical Laboratory Systems Report number DPG-FR-76-201, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, March 1977, p. 109-112.

[235] Lead Sheet #6195, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, Task Force Papa Bear, October 7, 1997, p. 2; Lead Sheet #5903, Interview of commander, Battery A, 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, August 25, 1997, p. 1; Lead Sheet #6371, Interview of operations officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, October 8, 1997, p. 2.

[236] Lead Sheet #5803, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical non-commissioned officer, 1st Marine Division, August 20, 1997, p. 2; Lead Sheet #6036, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, August 25, 1997, p. 2; Lead Sheet #6690, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, I Marine Expeditionary Force, October 31, 1997, p. 2; Lead Sheet #6271, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical non-commissioned officer, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, November 3, 1997, p. 3.

[237] Lead Sheet #5903, Interview of commander, Battery A, 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, August 25, 1997, p. 2.

[238] Lead Sheet #6330, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 11th Marine Regiment, April 21, 1998, p. 4.

[239] Lead Sheet #29654, Interview of platoon commander, Battery A, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, February 12, 2002, p. 2.

[240] Sonneman, George B., Phase I Report, July 1974 - April 15, 1975, Development of the XM256 Chemical Agent Detection Kit, Bendix Corporation, Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, July 1975, p. 128; Eckhaus, Robert, "Product Improvement Program to Increase the Nerve Agent Sensitivity of the M256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit," Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center report CRDEC-TR-87054, June 1987, p. 9.

[241] Lead Sheet #5614, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 1st Marine Division (Forward), July 25, 1997, p. 4; Lead Sheet #6195, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, Task Force Papa Bear, October 7, 1997, p. 2; Lead Sheet #5555, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, Task Force Ripper, April 26, 1996, p. 3; Lead Sheet #6030, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical/survey officer, 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, September 15, 1997, p. 2; Lead Sheet #6031, Interview of survey officer, 3d Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, September 15, 1997, p. 1-2.

[242] Lead Sheet #5555, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, Task Force Ripper, July 23, 1997, p. 3; Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, and Mary Frances Tracy, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, October 1995, p. 390-391.

[243] Lead Sheet #5531, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical non-commissioned officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, April 27, 1998, p. 4, 5.

[244] Lead Sheet #6330, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 11th Marine Regiment, October 6, 1997, p. 5, 6; Lead Sheet #6690, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, I Marine Expeditionary Force, October 31, 1997, p. 2; Lead Sheet #5531, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical non-commissioned officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, July 31, 1997, p. 2, 3; Lead Sheet #27706, Interview of executive officer, Battery R, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, September 11, 2000, p. 2.

[245] Lead Sheet #6036, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, August 25, 1997, p. 2.

[246] Lead Sheet #16123, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical equipment expert, Marine Corps Combat Development Command, April 20, 1998, p. 1.

[247] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, and Mary Frances Tracy, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, October 1995, p. 412-414; Army Subcourse CM7105, "Operation and Maintenance of the M8A1 Automatic Chemical Agent Alarm System," The Army Institute for Professional Development, US Army Chemical School, Edition A, Lessons 1 and 2, Fort McClellan, Alabama, June 1992, p. 1-2 and 2-18; Memorandum to Dr. Bernard Rostker, from Headquarters, Department of the Army, Office of the Chief of Staff, Subject: "M8A1 Chemical Agent Alarm-Information Memorandum," Washington, DC, June 16, 1997.

[248] Lead Sheet #6316, Interview of commanding officer, 3d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, October 6, 1997, p. 2; Lead Sheet #5658, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 1st Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment, August 14, 1997, p. 2.

[249] Lead Sheet #5863, Interview of commanding officer, 11th Marine Regiment, April 15, 1998, p. 3.

[250] Memorandum from 11th Marine Regiment surgeon to commanding officer, 11th Marine Regiment, "Chronological Report-Regimental Medical for Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm," March 11, 1991, p. 2.

[251] Lead Sheet #16158, Interview of regimental surgeon, 11th Marine Regiment, April 22, 1998, p. 1. Investigators also checked the Comprehensive Clinical Evaluation Program database and discovered only 123 Marines registered out of more than 3,500 Marines from units involved with events recounted in this narrative. A military physician on our staff examined this data and found no diagnoses that could be linked to chemical warfare agent exposure.

[252] Lead Sheet #16083, Interview of chief corpsman, 11th Marine Regiment, April 15, 1998, p. 1; Lead Sheet #16173, Interview of medical team member, 11th Marine Regiment, April 24, 1998, p. 1.

[253] Telephone call documented in Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses internal e-mail, Subject: "11th Marines," January 5, 1998 at 3:35 PM.

[254] Lead Sheet #6997, Interview of operations officer, 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, September 3, 1997, p. 3; Lead Sheet #6371, Interview of operations officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, October 8, 1997, p. 2.

[255] Lead Sheet #5863, Interview of commanding officer, 11th Marine Regiment, April 15, 1998, p. 4.

[256] Lead Sheet #5863, Interview of commanding officer, 11th Marine Regiment, August 21, 1997, p. 2.

[257] Lead Sheet #5555, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, Task Force Ripper, July 23, 1997, p. 4; Lead Sheet #6030, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical/survey officer, 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, September 15, 1997, p. 2-3.

[258] Lead Sheet #6036, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, August 25, 1997, p. 3.

[259] Lead Sheet #6316, Interview of commanding officer, 3d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, October 6, 1997, p. 2.

[260] Lead Sheet #6311, Interview of S-2 (intelligence officer), 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, October 3, 1997, p. 1. We have been unable to contact the nuclear, biological, chemical non-commissioned officer.

[261] Lead Sheet #5531, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical non-commissioned officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, July 30, 1997, p. 2.

[262] Lead Sheet #5555, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, Task Force Ripper, June 18 and July 23, 1997, p. 2, 5.

[263] Lead Sheet #5530, Interview of artillery fire direction controlman/nuclear, biological, chemical non-commissioned officer, Battery A, 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, July 31, 1997, p. 2.

[264] Lead Sheet #6330, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 11th Marine Regiment, October 6, 1997, p. 4, 5.

[265] Lead Sheet #6030, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical/survey officer, 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, September 15, 1997, p. 3.

[266] Lead Sheet #5614, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 1st Marine Division (Forward), July 25, 1997, p. 4.

[267] Lead Sheet #5863, Interview of commanding officer, 11th Marine Regiment, April 15, 1998, p. 3.

[268] Lead Sheet #5863, Interview of commanding officer, 11th Marine Regiment, April 15 and 20, 1998, p. 3-4.

[269] Lead Sheet #6195, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, Task Force Papa Bear, October 7, 1997, p. 3.

[270] Lead Sheet #5883, Interview of commanding officer, 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, August 21, 1997, p. 2, 3.

[271] Lead Sheet #6030, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical/survey officer, 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, September 15, 1997, p. 2.

[272] Lead Sheet #5969, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical non-commissioned officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, September 5, 1997, p. 4; Lead Sheet #29139, Interview of fire direction control specialist, 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, January 21, 2001, p. 6.

[273] Lead Sheet #6316, Interview of commanding officer, 3d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, October 6, 1997, p. 2; Lead Sheet #26556, Interview of commanding officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, April 14, 2000, p. 1.

[274] Lead Sheet #6330, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 11th Marine Regiment, October 6, 1997, p. 5.

[275] Lead Sheet #6312, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical non-commissioned officer, 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, October 9, 1997, p. 3.

[276] Lead Sheet #5863, Interview of commanding officer, 11th Marine Regiment, August 21, 1997, p. 3.

[277] Lead Sheet #23181, Meeting with Fox Subject Matter Experts, March 1, 1999, p. 2.

[278] Manley, Captain T. F., "Marine Corps NBC Defense in Southwest Asia," Marine Corps Research Center Research Paper #92-009, Washington Navy Yard, July 1991.

[279] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 30, 32.

[280] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, Mary Frances Tracy, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, October 1995, p. 390-391.

[281] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), March 27, 2001, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.

[282] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, and Mary Frances Tracy, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, October 1995, p. 430-431.

[283] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, and Mary Frances Tracy, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, October 1995, p. 408-409.

[284] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, and Mary Frances Tracy, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, October 1995, p. 418-419.

[285] US Army Field Manual 3-4, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-09, "NBC Protection," May 29, 1992; US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, p. 2-1: Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "Mission Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) and Chemical Protection" (Information Paper), October 30, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/mopp.

[286] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), March 27, 2001, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc; Memorandum to Under Secretary of Defense (Acquisition and Technology) from Paul G. Kaminski, Under Secretary of Defense (Acquisition and Technology), Subject: "Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects," June 1994; Lead Sheet #764, Interview of Fox expert, US Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command, May 28, 1996, p. 1-2. The MM-1 sampling tube draws approximately 300 times LESS air volume than other detectors, such as the M43A1, designed specifically to detect vapors.

[287] US Army Field Manual 3-7, "NBC Field Handbook," September 29, 1994, p. 1-13, 1-14.

[288] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 17-18.

[289] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, and Mary Frances Tracy, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, October 1995, p. 426-428.

[290] Lead Sheet #6330, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 11th Marine Regiment, October 6, 1997, p. 2-3; Lead Sheet #6690, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, I Marine Expeditionary Force, October 31, 1997, p. 2; Lead Sheet #5531, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical non-commissioned officer, 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, July 31, 1997, p. 3.

[291] Natural Emirates, "Geology and Fossils - Sabkha Environments," web site www.uaeinteract.com (as of February 9, 1998).

[292] Lennox, Ducan, "Inside the R-17 'Scud B' Missile," Jane's Intelligence Review, July 1991, p. 302; Jane's Information Group, "Al Hussein," Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems 1995-96, September 16, 1996.

[293] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "Iraq's Scud Ballistic Missiles" (Information Paper), February 5, 2001, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/scud_info_ii.

[294] US Army Field Manual 3-4, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-09, "NBC Protection," October 21, 1985, p. 2-24.

[295] Cureton, Charles H., US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991; With the 1st Marine Division in Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Washington, DC: US Marine Corps History and Museums Division, 1993, p. 20-21.

[296] 3d Marine Regiment, "Incidents, Messages, Orders Journal," January 17, 1991, but archived as 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment.

[297] 3d Marine Regiment, "Incidents, Messages, Journal, Orders," January 29, 1991.

[298] 1st Marine Division, "Situation Chronology," Task Force Taro Section, undated; 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, "Command Chronology 16-28 Feb 91," March 7, 1991; 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, "Command Chronology for Period 1 January 91 to 28 February 91," March 11, 1991.

[299] 1st Marine Division, "Significant Events for 2400 1026 on 24 Feb 91," undated.

[300] Cureton, Charles H., US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991; With the 1st Marine Division in Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Washington, DC: US Marine Corps History and Museums Division, 1993, p. 66; Mroczkowski, Dennis P., US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991; With the 2d Marine Division in Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Washington, DC, US Marine Corps History and Museums Division, 1993, p. 45.

[301] 1st Marine Division, "Ripper 24 Feb 91," undated.

[302] Marine Corps Combat Development Command, "Breaching Operations 7th Marines Log 24 Feb 91," undated.

[303] Cureton, Charles H., US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991; With the 1st Marine Division in Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Washington, DC: US Marine Corps History and Museums Division, 1993, p. 69.

[304] 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, "Command Chronology for the Period 1 January to 28 February, 1991," March 12, 1991.

[305] Lead Sheet #6330, Interview of nuclear, biological, chemical officer, 11th Marine Regiment, March 17, 1998, p. 2.

[306] 1st Combat Engineer Battalion, "Command Chronology for 1 Jan to 28 Feb 91," March 15, 1991.

[307] 1st Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, "Command Chronology for Period 1 January 91 to 28 February 91," March 11, 1991.

[308] 1st Combat Engineer Battalion, "Command Chronology for 1 Jan to 28 Feb 91," March 15, 1991.

[309] "Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction," April 29, 1997. This chemical weapons convention was opened for signature in Paris, France, on January 13, 1993. It has been signed by 165 states and ratified or acceded to by 106 states as of February 1998. It was signed by the United States on January 13, 1993, and ratified on April 25, 1997. Part XI of the convention, "Investigations in Cases of Alleged Use of Chemical Weapons," details some of the procedures. Other protocols and guidelines were found in Methodology and Instrumentation for Sampling and Analysis in the Verification of Chemical Disarmament, The Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Helsinki, Finland, 1985; Verification Methods, Handling, and Assessment Of Unusual Events In Relation To Allegations of the Use of Novel Chemical Warfare Agents, Consultant University of Saskatchewan in conjunction with the Verification Research Unit of External Affairs and International Trade Canada, March 1990; and Handbook for the Investigation of Allegations of the Use of Chemical or Biological Weapons, Department of External Affairs, Department of National Defence, Health and Welfare Canada, and Agriculture Canada, November 1985. US Army Field Manual 3-4, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-9, "NBC Protection," May 1992; US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy NAVMED P-5041, US Air Force Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11 (adopted as NATO Field Manual 8-285), "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995; US Army Field Manual 19-20, "Law Enforcement Investigations," November 25, 1985; and other DoD investigational procedures contributed ideas for developing this methodology.

[310] "Charter of the Special Oversight Board for Department of Defense Investigations of Gulf War Chemical and Biological Incidents," filed May 26, 1998; amended July 29, 1998.

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