END NOTES

[1] An acronym listing and glossary of terms used in this Environmental Exposure Report can be found in Tab A.

[2] A bibliography containing all information sources used to develop this Environmental Exposure Report can be found in Tab B.

[3] Interview with Gulf War veteran conducted 2/4/98.

[4] "A Review of the Scientific Literature as It Pertains to Gulf War Illness, Volume VI: Oil Fires", MR-1018-OSD, Prepared for the Office of the Special Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses by the RAND Corporation.

[5] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-1192, February 1994.

[6] US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Draft Final Report - Environmental Surveillance Health Risk Assessment. April 1998.

[7] El Desouky, M. and M.Y. Abdulraheem, "Impact of Oil Well Fires on the Air Quality in Kuwait." The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires. Eds. Al-Shatti, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington. Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham, October 1991, p. 16.

[8] "Kuwait: Serious Oil Fire, Gas and Smoke Dangers." Applied Technologies Branch, Science Division, FSTC, AST-226OZ-148-90, January 1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 9.

[9] Husain, T. Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives. 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 40.

[10] Draxler, R.R., J.T. McQueen and B.J.B Stunder, An Evaluation of Air Pollutant Exposures Due to the 1991 Kuwait Oil Fires. August 1993, p. 2.

[11] Tawfiq, N.I, "Response by Saudi Arabia to the Environmental Crisis Caused by the Gulf War." The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires." Eds. Al-Shatti, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington. Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham. October 1991, p. 41.

[12] Husain, T. Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives. 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 51.

[13] Tawfiq, N.I, "Response by Saudi Arabia to the Environmental Crisis Caused by the Gulf War." The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires." Eds. Al-Shatti, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington. Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham. October 1991, p. 41.

[14] El Desouky, M. and M.Y. Abdulraheem, "Impact of Oil Well Fires on the Air Quality in Kuwait." The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires. Eds. Al-Shati, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington. Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham, October 1991, p. 18.

[15] "Damage Assessment - Kuwait Oil." Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[16] Husain, T. Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives. 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 40.

[17] US EPA, 1991. "Kuwait Oil Fires: Interagency Interim Report. Washington, D.C., 1991. p. 1.

[18] United States Gulf Environmental Technical Assistance. Report to Congress under Public Law 102-27, Section 309, January 27 - July 31, 1991, p. vi.

[19] El-Baz, F., A. Abuelgasim, M. Koch, M. Pax-Lenny, E. Lambin, A. Al-Doasari, P. Marr, S. Ryherd, and R. Morency. "Detection by Satellite Images of Environmental Changes Due to the Gulf War." The Gulf War and the Environment. Eds. Farouk El-Baz and R.M. Makharita. Gordon and Breach Publishers. 1994, p. 3.

[20] El Desouky, M. And M.Y. Abdulraheem, "Impact of Oil Well Fires on the Air Quality in Kuwait", in The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham, October 1991, p. 16.

[21] Central Intelligence Agency, August 1990. "Sabotage of Oil Fields and Assessment of Possible Resultant Damage." Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil.

[22] "Kuwait: Serious Oil Fire, Gas and Smoke Dangers." Applied Technologies Branch, Science Division, FSTC, AST-226OZ-148-90, January 1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 9.

[23] "Iraq and the Gulf War." Directorate of Intelligence, 1990-1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[24] "Iraq and the Gulf War." Directorate of Intelligence, 1990-1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[25] "Iraq and the Gulf War." Directorate of Intelligence, 1990-1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[26] Regimental Operations Update 22-23 Feb 91, Department of the Army 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 3.

[27] "Iraq and the Gulf War." Directorate of Intelligence, 1990-1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[28] "Iraq and the Gulf War." Directorate of Intelligence, 1990-1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[29] Central Intelligence Agency, Information Report, January 16, 1990.

[30] Central Intelligence Agency, Information Report, January 16, 1990.

[31] Central Intelligence Agency, Information Report, January 16, 1990.

[32] "Damage Assessment - Kuwait Oil." Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[33] "Damage Assessment - Kuwait Oil." Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[34] "Christmas Tree" valves consisted of piping and gates at the well-heads that controlled the flow of crude oil from the well to the transfer pipeline that carried the oil to collection points.

[35] "Damage Assessment - Kuwait Oil." Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[36] Husain, T. Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives. 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 40.

[37] Defense Intelligence Agency. Original Translation. 1997. Pg. 62.

[38] Defense Intelligence Agency. Original Translation. 1997. Pg. 62.

[39] Defense Intelligence Agency. Revised Translation. April 1997. Pg. 29.

[40] "How Will Chemical Weapons be Destroyed." Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization. Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 1.

[41] Lead Sheet # 7291, Discussions on topic of interaction of CW with oil well fires, Dec. 11, 1997.

[42] Lead Sheet # 7292, Discussions on topic of interaction of CW with oil well fires, Dec. 11, 1997.

[43] Lead Sheet # 7291, Discussions on topic of interaction of CW with oil well fires, Dec. 11, 1997.

[44] Lead Sheet # 7292, Discussions on topic of interaction of CW with oil well fires, Dec. 11, 1997.

[45] Lead Sheet # 7291, Discussions on topic of interaction of CW with oil well fires, Dec. 11, 1997.

[46] Lead Sheet # 13944, Discussions on topic of interaction of CW with oil well fires, Dec. 19, 1997.

[47] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 1995. Toxicological profile for benzene (update). Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.

[48] "Kuwait: Serious Oil Fire, Gas and Smoke Dangers." Applied Technologies Branch, Science Division, FSTC, AST-226OZ-148-90, January 1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 7.

[49] "Kuwait: Serious Oil Fire, Gas and Smoke Dangers." Applied Technologies Branch, Science Division, FSTC, AST-226OZ-148-90, January 1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 1.

[50] "Kuwait: Serious Oil Fire, Gas and Smoke Dangers." Applied Technologies Branch, Science Division, FSTC, AST-226OZ-148-90, January 1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 6.

[51] "Kuwait: Serious Oil Fire, Gas and Smoke Dangers." Applied Technologies Branch, Science Division, FSTC, Author, AST-226OZ-148-90, January 1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 5.

[52] "Iraq: Threat Posed by Flame Obstacles." Armed Forces Medical Information Center (AFMIC) Weekly Wire 48-90. Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[53] "Iraq: Threat Posed by Flame Obstacles." Armed Forces Medical Information Center (AFMIC Weekly Wire 48-90. Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[54] "Oil Well Fires in Kuwait.", CENTCOM, February 1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 1.

[55] Army Central Command. XVIII Corps. November 1990, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 2.

[56] "Health Threat from Oil Well Fires - Information Paper." Memorandum for Staff X M ERS/DAG Team Chiefs, March 1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 9.

[57] "Documentation of Petroleum Fire Smoke Exposure in Marine Personnel in KTO." Command Surgeon of the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force, March 1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 1.

[58] US General Accounting Office, "Health Effects of the Kuwait Oil Well Fires." January 1992.

[59] US General Accounting Office, "Health Effects of the Kuwait Oil Well Fires." January 1992, p. 4.

[60] US General Accounting Office, "Health Effects of the Kuwait Oil Well Fires." January 1992, p. 5.

[61] US General Accounting Office, "Health Effects of the Kuwait Oil Well Fires." January 1992, p. 1.

[62] The DoD Incident Reporting Line focuses on examining incidents that occurred during the Gulf War, the hazardous exposures that may have resulted from these incidents, and the broader implications of such incidents. Veterans who have information to offer have been requested to call a toll free number.

[63] Lead Sheet # 5994, Responses from calls to 270 Gulf War veterans, July 1997 - April 1998, 1997.

[64] Lead Sheet # 8858; interview conducted with Gulf War veteran conducted 7/22/97.

[65] "Iraq and the Gulf War." Directorate of Intelligence, 1990-1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[66] "Kuwait: Serious Oil Fire, Gas and Smoke Dangers." Applied Technologies Branch, Science Division, FSTC, AST-226OZ-148-90, January 1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. iii.

[67] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Interim: Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-L192-91, June 1991, p. 2.

[68] United States Gulf Environmental Technical Assistance. Report to Congress under Public Law 102-27, Section 309, January 27 - July 31, 1991, Appendix VI, p. 3.

[69] Husain, T. Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives. 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 47.

[70] Al-Besharah, J. "The Kuwait Oil Fires and Oil Lakes - Facts and Numbers." The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires. Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham. October 1991, p. 13.

[71] Tawfiq, N.I, "Response by Saudi Arabia to the Environmental Crisis Caused by the Gulf War." The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires." Eds. Al-Shati, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington. Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham. October 1991, p. 41.

[72] Al-Hassan, J.M. "The Iraqi Invasion - Environmental Catastrophe." The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires. Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham. October 1991, p. 6.

[73] Thorhaug, A. "The Environmental Future of Kuwait." The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires. Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham. October 1991, p. 69.

[74] "Iraq and the Gulf War." Directorate of Intelligence, 1990-1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[75] Husain, T. Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives. 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 40.

[76] "Defense Intelligence Summary: Damage to Kuwaiti Oil Fields." CENTAF-REAR, February 21, 1991, p. 3.

[77] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Interim: Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-L192-91, June 1991, p. B-14.

[78] Tawfiq, N.I, "Response by Saudi Arabia to the Environmental Crisis Caused by the Gulf War." The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires." Eds. Al-Shati, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington. Proceedings of an International symposium Held at the University of Birmingham. October 1991, p. 41.

[79] Damage Assessment - Kuwait Oil." Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p.1.

[80] "Damage Assessment - Kuwait Oil." Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 1.

[81] Husain, T. Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives. 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 40.

[82] "Damage Assessment - Kuwait Oil." Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 1.

[83] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Interim: Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-L192-91, June 1991, p. B-14.

[84] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Interim: Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-L192-91, June 1991, p. B-23.

[85] Al-Besharah, J. "The Kuwait Oil Fires and Oil Lakes - Facts and Numbers." The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires. Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham. October 1991, p.15.

[86] Husain, T. Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives. 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 40.

[87] "Kuwait Oil Fire Gas and Smoke Hazards." Tactical Operations Center Logs - Luck Tac Journals, February 1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 2.

[88] Al-Besharah, J. "The Kuwait Oil Fires and Oil Lakes - Facts and Numbers." The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires. Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham. October 1991, p. 15.

[89] Report to Congress (Appendix H) "Preliminary Health Advisory Related to Burning Oil Wells in Kuwait." Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and the Centers for Disease Control, 1991. p. 2.

[90] Report to Congress (Appendix H) "Preliminary Health Advisory Related to Burning Oil Wells in Kuwait." Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and the Centers for Disease Control, 1991. p. 2.

[91] Al-Ajmi, D.N., and Y.R. Marmoush, "Ground Level concentration of Sulfur Dioxide at Kuwait's Major Population Centers During the Oil-Field Fires." Environmental International, Vol. 22, No. 3. 1996, p. 279.

[92] Report to Congress (Appendix H) "Preliminary Health Advisory Related to Burning Oil Wells in Kuwait." Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and the Centers for Disease Control, 1991. p. 2.

[93] Ferek, R.J., P.V. Hobbs, J.A. Herring and K.K. Laursen. "Chemical Composition of Emissions from the Kuwait Oil Fires." Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, 1992, p. 14,484.

[94] Ferek, R.J., P.V. Hobbs, J.A. Herring and K.K. Laursen. "Chemical Composition of Emissions from the Kuwait Oil Fires." Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, 1992, p. 14,483.

[95] "Environmental Impacts of Oil Fire." CIA. July 1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 1.

[96] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Interim: Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-L192-91, June 1991, p. B-26.

[97] Al-Ajmi, D.N., and Y.R. Marmoush, "Ground Level Concentration of Sulfur Dioxide at Kuwait's Major Population Centers During the Oil-Field Fires." Environmental International, Vol. 22, No. 3, 1996, p. 279-280.

[98] Ferek, R.J., P.V. Hobbs, J.A. Herring and K.K. Laursen. "Chemical Composition of Emissions from the Kuwait Oil Fires." Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, 1992, p. 14,483.

[99] Lead Sheet # 14353; interview with Gulf War veteran conducted 2/10/98.

[100] Husain, T. Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives. 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 73.

[101] Husain, T. Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives. 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 39.

[102] US EPA, 1991. "Kuwait Oil Fires: Interagency Interim Report." US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1991, p. 1.

[103] Figure generated using Intergraph MGE software package by USACHPPM September 1997.

[104] Cahalan, R.F. "The Kuwait Oil Fires as Seen by Landsat." Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, No. D13, 1992, p. 14,565.

[105] Figures generated using Intergraph MGE Terrain Analyst software package by USACHPPM September 1997.

[106] Ferek, R.J., P.V. Hobbs, J.A. Herring and K.K. Laursen. "Chemical Composition of Emissions from the Kuwait Oil Fires." Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, 1992, p. 14,483.

[107] Cofer, W.R. III, R.K. Stevens, E.L. Winstead, J.P. Pinto, D.I. Sebacher, M.Y.Abdulraheem, M. Al-Sahafi, M.A. Mazurek, R.A. Rasmussen, D.R. Cahoon, and J.S. Levine. "Kuwait Oil Fires: Compositions of Source Smoke." Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, No. D13, 1991, p. 14,521.

[108] Ferek, R.J., P.V. Hobbs, J.A. Herring and K.K. Laursen. "Chemical Composition of Emissions from the Kuwait Oil Fires." Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, 1992, p. 14,483.

[109] US EPA, "Kuwait Oil Fires: Interagency Interim Report." Washington, D.C., 1991, p. 1.

[110] "Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects." June 1994, p. 50.

[111] Cofer, W.R. III, R.K. Stevens, E.L. Winstead, J.P. Pinto, D.I. Sebacher, M.Y.Abdulraheem, M. Al-Sahafi, M.A. Mazurek, R.A. Rasmussen, D.R. Cahoon, and J.S. Levine. "Kuwait Oil Fires: Compositions of Source Smoke." Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, No. D13, 1991, p. 14,524.

[112] Lead Sheet # 14436; interview with Gulf War veteran conducted 3/4/98.

[113] Husain, T. Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives. 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 88.

[114] Report to the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects. June 1994, p. 50.

[115] Report to the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects. June 1994, p. 50

[116] Statement of John S. Andrews, Jr., M.D., Assoc. Administrator for Science, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health Service to the Subcommittee on Hospitals and Health Care on the Possible Adverse Health Effects of Service in the Persian Gulf; H.R. 5864, to Establish a Persian Gulf War Veteran's Registry. Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[117] Presidential Advisory Committee (PAC) on Gulf War Veteran's Illnesses: Final Report. Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, December 1996, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[118] Statement of John S. Andrews, Jr., M.D., Assoc. Administrator for Science, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health Service to the Subcommittee on Hospitals and Health Care on the Possible Adverse Health Effects of Service in the Persian Gulf; H.R. 5864, to Establish a Persian Gulf War Veteran's Registry. Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[119] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. 50.

[120] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. 50.

[121] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Interim: Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-L192-91, June 1991, p. B-77.

[122] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. 50.

[123] Presidential Advisory Committee (PAC) on Gulf War Veteran's Illnesses: Final Report. Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, December 1996. Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[124] Presidential Advisory Committee (PAC) on Gulf War Veteran's Illnesses: Final Report. Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, December 1996. Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[125] Sadiq, M. and J.C. McCain, "The Gulf War Aftermath: An Environmental Tragedy." Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Ah Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1993, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 1.

[126] Presidential Advisory Committee (PAC) on Gulf War Veteran's Illnesses: Final Report. Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, December 1996, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 100.

[127] US EPA, "Kuwait Oil Fires: Interagency Interim Report." Washington, D.C., 1991, p. A-2.

[128] Presidential Advisory Committee (PAC) on Gulf War Veteran's Illnesses: Final Report. Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, December 1996, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 100.

[129] Report to the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects. June 1994, p. 50.

[130] "CAT Tasking Health Risks in Kuwait." 19 March 1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 3.

[131] US EPA, "Kuwait Oil Fires: Interagency Interim Report." Washington, D.C., 1991, p. 1.

[132] US EPA, "Kuwait Oil Fires: Interagency Interim Report." Washington, D.C., 1991, p. 2.

[133] US EPA, "Kuwait Oil Fires: Interagency Interim Report." Washington, D.C., 1991, p. 1.

[134] Husain, T. Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives. 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 112.

[135] USACHPPM, September 1997.

[136] US EPA, "Kuwait Oil Fires: Interagency Interim Report." Washington, D.C., 1991, p. A-1&A-2.

[137] US General Accounting Office, "Health Effects of the Kuwait Oil Well Fires." January 1992, p. 3.

[138] US General Accounting Office, "International Environment: Kuwaiti Oil Fires - Chronic Health Risks Unknown but Assessments are Under Way." January 1992, p. 16.

[139] US EPA, "Kuwait Oil Fires: Interagency Interim Report." Washington, D.C., 1991, p. A-2.

[140] 40CFR50 National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards.

[141] 29CFR19190.1000 OSHA General Industry Air Contaminants Standard.

[142] American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) 1996 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices.

[143] US General Accounting Office, "International Environment: Kuwaiti Oil Fires - Chronic Health Risks Unknown but Assessments are Under Way." January 1992, p. 8.

[144] US General Accounting Office, "International Environment: Kuwaiti Oil Fires - Chronic Health Risks Unknown but Assessments are Under Way." January 1992, p. 18.

[145] Abdali, F., and S. Al-Yakoob. "Environmental Dimensions of the Gulf War: Potential Health Impacts." The Gulf War and the Environment. Eds. Farouk El-Baz and R.M. Makharita. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1994, p. 88.

[146] US EPA, "Kuwait Oil Fires: Interagency Interim Report." Washington, D.C., 1991, p. A-2.

[147] US General Accounting Office, "International Environment: Kuwaiti Oil Fires - Chronic Health Risks Unknown but Assessments are Under Way." January 1992, p. 18.

[148] National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter; Final Rule. Federal Register, Vol. 62, No 138. July 18, 1997.

[149] Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects. June 1994, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 46.

[150] McClellan, R.O. and F.J. Miller, "An Overview of EPA's Proposed Revision of the Particulate Matter Standard." Activities, Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, April 1997, Vol. 17, No. 4. p. 5.

[151] US General Accounting Office, "Health Effects of the Kuwait Oil Well Fires." January 1992, p. 3.

[152] Report to the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects. June 1994. Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil).

[153] HRAs are an evaluation of the potential health impacts resulting from exposure to a chemical or physical agent or pollutant. The methodology to conduct an HRA is recommended by the US EPA: "Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund." Vol. I: Human Health Evaluation Manual, Interim Final. 540/1-89-002, December 1989.

[154] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. B-7-2.

[155] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. 32.

[156] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Interim: Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-L192-91, June 1991, p. B-33 & B-34.

[157] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Interim: Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-L192-91, June 1991, p. 2.

[158] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Interim: Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-L192-91, June 1991, p. B-34.

[159] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. 1.

[160] US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Draft Final Report - Environmental Surveillance Health Risk Assessment, Kuwait Oil Fires. April 1998, p. 6.

[161] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. 3

[162] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. B-1 and C-1.

[163] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. B-7-8.

[164] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. G-1.

[165] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. G-2.

[166] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. G-2.

[167] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. G-30.

[168] The data for Figure 9 was obtained from the US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency's Interim and Final Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessments.

[169] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Interim: Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-L192-91, June 1991, p. ES-3.

[170] Institute of Medicine, Health Consequences of Service During the Gulf War: Recommendations for Research and Information Systems, National Academy Press, 1996, p. 46.

[171] The data for Figure 10 was obtained from the US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency's Interim and Final Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessments.

[172] United States Gulf Environmental Technical Assistance. Report to Congress under Public Law 102-27, Section 309, January 27 - July 31, 1991, p. 1.

[173] Presidential Advisory Committee (PAC) on Gulf War Veteran's Illnesses: Final Report. Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, December 1996, p. 100.

[174] US General Accounting Office, "International Environment: Kuwaiti Oil Fires - Chronic Health Risks Unknown but Assessments are Under Way." January 1992, p. 20-27.

[175] US General Accounting Office, "International Environment: Kuwaiti Oil Fires - Chronic Health Risks Unknown but Assessments are Under Way." January 1992, p. 20-27.

[176] Husain, T. Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives. 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 116.

[177] "A Review of the Scientific Literature as It Pertains to Gulf War Illness, Volume VI: Oil Fires", MR-1018-OSD, Prepared for the Office of the Special Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses by the RAND Corporation.

[178] "A Review of the Scientific Literature as It Pertains to Gulf War Illness, Volume VI: Oil Fires", MR-1018-OSD, Prepared for the Office of the Special Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses by the RAND Corporation, p. 60.

[179] "A Review of the Scientific Literature as It Pertains to Gulf War Illness, Volume VI: Oil Fires", MR-1018-OSD, Prepared for the Office of the Special Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses by the RAND Corporation, Pgs. 22 and 29.

[180] Notes: (1) National Ambient Air Quality Standards; (2) standard is a 1-hour average; (3) standard is an annual mean; (4) standard is a 24 hour average; (5) standard is a mean for a calendar quarter; (6) Threshold Limit Value (time-weighted-average over 8 hours).

[181] Al-Shatti, A.K.S. "Introduction to Kuwait." The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires. Eds. Al-Shati, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington. Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham. October 1991, p. 5.

[182] Al-Shatti, A.K.S. "Introduction to Kuwait." The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires. Eds. Al-Shati, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington. Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham. October 1991, p. 5.

[183] Ayres, J.G. "Potential Respiratory Effects of the Kuwaiti Oil Fires on the Population of Kuwait." The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires. Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham. October 1991, p. 57.

[184] National Center for Health Statistics - Quarterly Fact Sheet, December 1996, and US Dept. Of Commerce 1990 Census data - C90STFIC Database.

[185] Ayres, J.G. "Potential Respiratory Effects of the Kuwaiti Oil Fires on the Population of Kuwait." The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires. Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham. October 1991, p. 57.

[186] Al-Shatti, A.K.S. "Introduction to Kuwait." The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires. Eds. Al-Shatti, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington. Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham. October 1991, p. 5.

[187] "A Review of the Scientific Literature as It Pertains to Gulf War Illness, Volume VI: Oil Fires", MR-1018-OSD, Prepared for the Office of the Special Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses by the RAND Corporation, p. 54-55.

[188] "A Review of the Scientific Literature as It Pertains to Gulf War Illness, Volume VI: Oil Fires", MR-1018-OSD, Prepared for the Office of the Special Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses by the RAND Corporation, p. 55.

[189] The Iowa Persian Gulf Study Group, "Self-Reported Illness and Health Status Among Gulf War Veterans", JAMA 1997;277:238-245, p. 238.

[190] Macys, D.A., R.L. Carpenter, J.F. Risher, A. Vinegar, D.E. Dodd, and H.G. Wall. Results of a Workshop on Health Effects Related to Operation Desert Storm. Naval Medical Research Institute Report 92-04. February 1992, p. 2-2.

[191] Macys, D.A., R.L. Carpenter, J.F. Risher, A. Vinegar, D.E. Dodd, and H.G. Wall. Results of a Workshop on Health Effects Related to Operation Desert Storm. Naval Medical Research Institute Report 92-04. February 1992, p. 2-3.

[192] "A Review of the Scientific Literature as It Pertains to Gulf War Illness, Volume VI: Oil Fires", MR-1018-OSD, Prepared for the Office of the Special Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses by the RAND Corporation, p. 59-60.

[193] Lead Sheet # 16261: Personal communication with Dr. Gary Friedman, University of Texas, May 1997.

[194] Presidential Advisory Committee (PAC) on Gulf War Veteran's Illnesses: Final Report. Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, December 1996. Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 121.

[195] Poirier, M.C., A. Weston, B. Schoket, H. Shamkhani, C. Pan, M.A. McDiarmid, B. G. Scott, D. P. Deeter, J.M. Heller, D. Jacobson-Kram, and N. Rothman, "Biomonitoring of United States Army soldiers Serving in Kuwait in 1991", Cancer epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 7:545-551, June 1998.

[196] Poirier, M.C., A. Weston, B. Schoket, H. Shamkhani, C. Pan, M.A. McDiarmid, B. G. Scott, D. P. Deeter, J.M. Heller, D. Jacobson-Kram, and N. Rothman, "Biomonitoring of United States Army soldiers Serving in Kuwait in 1991", Cancer epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 7:545-551, June 1998, p. 550.

[197] Etzel, R.A., and Ashley, D.L., "Volatile Organic Compounds in the Blood of Persons in Kuwait During the Oil Fires," International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 66:125-129, 1994.

[198] Lead Sheets # 16263,16304,16306,16307,16308,16310 Personal communication with fire-fighters, May 1997.

[199] Potential carcinogenic effects are presented as the probability that an individual will develop cancer over a lifetime of exposure. Sub-chronic (i.e., 14 days to 7 year exposures) non-carcinogenic effects represent the probability of attacks on cardio-pulmonary, renal, neurological, and reproductive systems. However, for non-carcinogenic effects the more conservative chronic toxicity values (7 years to life-time exposures) were often used because sub-chronic values were generally not available.

[200] US EPA, "Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund." Vol. I: Human Health Evaluation Manual, Interim Final published December 1989.

[201] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-1192, February 1994.

[202] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. 1.

[203] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. 9.

[204] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment. Executive Summary, No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. 1.

[205] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment. Executive summary, No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. 1-2.

[206] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. 55.

[207] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. 1-2.

[208] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Final Report - Kuwait Oil Fire Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-1192, February 1994, p. 55.

[209] US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, "The Department of Defense Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment, (The Persian Gulf Veterans Registry), September 1994.

[210] US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, "The Department of Defense Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment, (The Persian Gulf Veterans Registry), September 1994, p. 2.

[211] US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Draft Final Report - Environmental Surveillance Health Risk Assessment, Kuwait Oil Fires. April 1998.

[212] It should be noted that the USACHPPM report is in draft and is undergoing peer review. The final report is scheduled for completion and publication in August 1998. If required this report will be revised to reflect any changes made in the final version of the USACHPPM report.

[213] USACHPPM, July 1998.

[214] Personnel communication with Jack Heller, August 4, 1998, Lead Sheet # 18417.

[215] US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Draft Final Report - Environmental Surveillance Health Risk Assessment, Kuwait Oil Fires. April 1998, p. 79.

[216] Figures 13 and 14 use scientific notation to present the range of calculated risk levels for troop units in the CRUR database. Scientific notation allows for a more simplified or abbreviated presentation of an otherwise large number. For example, a cancer risk level of 1.00E-06 (0.000001) represents an estimated occurrence of 1 excess cancer occurring in a population of 1 million people; a cancer risk level of 1.00E-08 (0.00000001) represents an estimated occurrence of 1 excess cancer occurring in a population 100 million people; and so on. Non-cancer risks are expressed differently and represent a value greater than or less than 1.0, which is the US EPA non-cancer risk standard. For example, a non-cancer risk of 1.00E-01 (0.1) is 10 times smaller than 1.0 and therefore represents a reduced risk. A non-cancer risk level that exceeds 1.0, for example 0.15E+01 (1.5), indicates that there may be cause for concern and that some further action in the form of medical or an environmental response may be required to reduce or limit the health threat.

[217] "A Review of the Scientific Literature as It Pertains to Gulf War Illness, Volume VI: Oil Fires", MR-1018-OSD, Prepared for the Office of the Special Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses by the RAND Corporation, p. 59-60.

[218] "A Review of the Scientific Literature as It Pertains to Gulf War Illness, Volume VI: Oil Fires", MR-1018-OSD, Prepared for the Office of the Special Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses by the RAND Corporation, p. xiii.

[219] Husain, T. Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives. 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 45.

[220] Message, American Embassy, Kuwait, 030912Z APR 91, "Press Statement on Oil Well Firefighting."

[221] Husain, T. Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives. 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 67.

[222] Message, American Embassy, Kuwait, 030912Z APR 91, "Press Statement on Oil Well Firefighting."

[223] Message, American Embassy, Kuwait, 030912Z APR 91, "Press Statement on Oil Well Firefighting."

[224] "Kuwait - The Blowouts are History." World Oil, January 1992, p. 36.

[225] Husain, T. Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives. 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 48.

[226] Husain, T. Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives. 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 48.

[227] "Kuwait Air Quality Update." September 1991.

[228] Husain, T. Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives. 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 51.

[229] Husain, T. Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives. 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 48.

[230] Husain, T. Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives. 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 48.

[231] Husain, T. Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives. 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 51.

[232] Message, American Embassy, Kuwait, 030912Z APR 91, "Press Statement on Oil Well Firefighting."

[233] Kuwait Oil Company, Production Operations Department, "Oil Wells Survey Data." Kuwait, 1991.

[234] "Overview of Current Business Conditions in Kuwait", American Embassy Kuwait, December 26, 1991, p. 2.

[235] Husain, T. Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives. 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 68.

[236] "The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict 1990-1996". The United Nations Blue Books Series, Vol. IX, 1996, p. 38.

[237] "The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict 1990-1996". The United Nations Blue Books Series, Vol. IX, 1996, p. 38.

[238] Husain, T. Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives. 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 70.

[239] Al-Shatti, A.K.S. "Introduction to Kuwait." The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires. Eds. Al-Shati, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington. Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham. October 1991, p. 1.

[240] Al-Shatti, A.K.S. "Introduction to Kuwait." The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires. Eds. Al-Shati, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington. Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham. October 1991, p. 1.

[241] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Interim: Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-L192-91, June 1991, p. 9.

[242] Al-Shatti, A.K.S. "Introduction to Kuwait." The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires. Eds. Al-Shati, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington. Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham. October 1991, p. 1.

[243] Al-Shatti, A.K.S. "Introduction to Kuwait." The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires. Eds. Al-Shati, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington. Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham. October 1991, p. 1.

[244] Al-Shatti, A.K.S. "Introduction to Kuwait." The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires. Eds. Al-Shati, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington. Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham. October 1991, p. 1.

[245] US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Interim: Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment. No. 39-26-L192-91, June 1991, p. B-7.

[246] Al-Shatti, A.K.S. "Introduction to Kuwait." The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires. Eds. Al-Shati, A.K.S., and J.M. Harrington. Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham. October 1991, p. 3.

[247] USACHPPM, September 1997.

[248] "Kuwait: Serious Oil Fire, Gas and Smoke Dangers." Applied Technologies Branch, Science Division, FSTC, Author, AST-226OZ-148-90, January 1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 5.

[249] "Kuwait: Serious Oil Fire, Gas and Smoke Dangers." Applied Technologies Branch, Science Division, FSTC, Author, AST-226OZ-148-90, January 1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 5.

[250] "Kuwait: Serious Oil Fire, Gas and Smoke Dangers." Applied Technologies Branch, Science Division, FSTC, Author, AST-226OZ-148-90, January 1991, Published on GulfLINK (http://www.gulflink.health.mil), p. 6.

[251] Sharratt, M. and M. Butler. "Toxicological Effect of Oil Smoke." The Environmental and Health Impact of the Kuwait Oil Fires. Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the University of Birmingham. October 1991, p. 51.

[252] Ferek, R.J., P.V. Hobbs, J.A. Herring and K.K. Laursen. "Chemical Composition of Emissions from the Kuwait Oil Fires." Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, 1992, p. 14,483.

[253] Kuwait - Report to the Secretary-General on the Scope and Nature of Damage Inflicted on the Kuwaiti Infrastructure During the Iraqi Occupation. United Nations Department of Public Information, 1991, p. 15.

[254] Kuwait - Report to the Secretary-General on the Scope and Nature of Damage Inflicted on the Kuwaiti Infrastructure During the Iraqi Occupation. United Nations Department of Public Information, 1991, p. 15.

[255] Kuwait - Report to the Secretary-General on the Scope and Nature of Damage Inflicted on the Kuwaiti Infrastructure During the Iraqi Occupation. United Nations Department of Public Information, 1991, p. 15.

[256] Kuwait - Report to the Secretary-General on the Scope and Nature of Damage Inflicted on the Kuwaiti Infrastructure During the Iraqi Occupation. United Nations Department of Public Information, 1991, p. 15.

[257] Kuwait - Report to the Secretary-General on the Scope and Nature of Damage Inflicted on the Kuwaiti Infrastructure During the Iraqi Occupation. United Nations Department of Public Information, 1991, p. 19.

[258] Husain, T. Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives. 1st ed. Oxford, UK:BPC Wheatons Ltd, 1995, p. 86.

[259] Kuwait - Report to the Secretary-General on the Scope and Nature of Damage Inflicted on the Kuwaiti Infrastructure During the Iraqi Occupation. United Nations Department of Public Information, 1991, p. 20.

[260] Kuwait - Report to the Secretary-General on the Scope and Nature of Damage Inflicted on the Kuwaiti Infrastructure During the Iraqi Occupation. United Nations Department of Public Information, 1991, p. 22.

[261] Kuwait - Report to the Secretary-General on the Scope and Nature of Damage Inflicted on the Kuwaiti Infrastructure During the Iraqi Occupation. United Nations Department of Public Information, 1991, p. 22.

 



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