[1] Tab A lists acronyms and abbreviations and contains a glossary.
[2] Testimony of Mr. [redacted] before the Human Resources and Intergovernmental Affairs Subcommittee of the House Government Reform and Oversight Committee, March 11, 1996; Testimony of Mr. [redacted] before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, April 16, 1996.
[3] Department of the Navy, Judge Advocate General Investigation, "Investigation to Inquire into the Circumstances surrounding the Possible Exposure of Sergeant [Redacted] USMC to Chemical Agents During Operation Desert Storm," Finding of Fact #36, February 23, 1994, and First Endorsement, May 5, 1994. We note that Finding of Fact #36 was the investigating officer's opinion. The commanding general, I Marine Expeditionary Force recommended (in the First Endorsement) that the final resolution to the question of exposure should be determined by the Veterans Administration.
[4] Statement of SSgt George Grass, January 11, 1994, Enclosure (18) to Letter from Lieutenant Colonel [redacted] (investigating officer) to commanding general, I Marine Expeditionary Force, Subject: "Investigation to Inquire into the Circumstances surrounding the Possible Exposure of Sergeant [Redacted] USMC to Chemical Agents During Operation Desert Storm," February 23, 1994; Statement of GySgt George J. Grass before the Human Resources and Intergovernmental Affairs Subcommittee of the House Government Reform and Oversight Committee, December 10, 1996; Testimony of GySgt George Grass before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 1, 1996.
[5] Department of Defense Intelligence Oversight Committee Report (draft), Iraqi Chemical Warfare: Analysis of Information Available to DoD (U), Standalone version of Chapter 11, "Possible Chemical Warfare Agent Release," June 9, 1997, p. 19-20.
[6] Eddington, Patrick, Gassed in the Gulf, Washington, DC, Insignia Publishing, 1997, p. 178-180.
[7] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "Fox Detections in an ASP/Orchard" (Case Narrative), September 25, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/asporchard/.
[8] Letter from the chairman, Presidential Special Oversight Board for Department of Defense Investigations of Gulf War Chemical and Biological Incidents, July 24, 2000, p. 1, 3.
[9] Two minefield belts (sometimes called obstacle belts in unit logs) extended from the Persian Gulf generally across south central Kuwait below the Al Burqan oil fields and north of the Al Wafrah oil fields. Marine Corps Research Center, Technical Paper #92-0004, "Breaching Operations in Southwest Asia," July 1991, p. 3-4.
[10] Cureton, Charles H., US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991: With the 1st Marine Division in Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Washington, DC: US Marine Corps History and Museums Division, 1993, p. 128-136.
[11] Cureton, Charles H., US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991: With the 1st Marine Division in Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Washington, DC: US Marine Corps History and Museums Division, 1993, p. 14, 15.
[12] Lead Sheet #5325, Interview of Task Force Ripper nuclear, biological, and chemical officer, June 18, 1997, p. 2.
[13] Cureton, Charles H., US Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991: With the 1st Marine Division in Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Washington, DC: US Marine Corps History and Museums Division, 1993, p. 110, 119, 120.
[14] Statement of GySgt George J. Grass before the Human Resources and Intergovernmental Affairs Subcommittee of the House Government Reform and Oversight Committee, December 10, 1996, p. 2.
[15] Lead Sheet #5325, Interview of Task Force Ripper nuclear, biological, and chemical officer, June 18, 1997, p. 2.
[16] Lead Sheet #5263, Interview of 1st Marine Division nuclear, biological, and chemical officer, June 13, 1997, p. 1.
[17] Testimony of LtGen Carlton W. Fulford, Jr., before the Armed Services Committee, US Senate, February 27, 1997, p. 18.
[18] The intelligence community is comprised of the Central Intelligence Agency, Defense Intelligence Agency, Bureau of Intelligence and Research (Department of State), National Security Agency, National Imagery and Mapping Agency, military services' intelligence staffs and centers, and several other organizations within the Departments of Defense, Treasury, Justice, and Energy. Intelligence related to military efforts includes information at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels. Central Intelligence Agency, "Factbook on Intelligence," 1997, web site www.odci.gov/cia/publications/facttell/intcomm.htm (as of October 31, 2001).
[19] Central Intelligence Agency, Persian Gulf War Illnesses Task Force, "Khamisiyah: A Historical Perspective on Related Intelligence," April 9, 1997, p. 1.
[20] GySgt George Grass (Fox commander), "Personal Journal," (unpublished), February 28, 1991.
[21] 1st Marine Division Journal (February 1991), Subject: "Radio Message Traffic-Ripper," February 28, 1991; 1st Marine Division Journal (February 1991), Subject: "Radio Message Traffic-DSC [Direct Support Command]," February 28, 1991.
[22] Lead Sheet #5353, Interview of Fox 5604 driver, June 27, 1997, p. 2.
[23] Interview of GySgt George Grass, February 20, 1997, p. 50, 51. Several Marines identified a dug-in vehicle, which they identified as a school bus, Winnebago, or motor home at the entrance to the small ASP section.
[24] Lead Sheet #5370, Interview of nuclear, biological, and chemical officer, 1st Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment, July 1, 1997, p. 1; Lead Sheet #5353, Interview of Fox 5604 driver, June 27, 1997, p. 2.
[25] Statement of GySgt George J. Grass before the Human Resources and Intergovernmental Affairs Subcommittee of the House Government Reform and Oversight Committee, December 10, 1996, p. 3.
[26] Statement of GySgt George J. Grass before the Human Resources and Intergovernmental Affairs Subcommittee of the House Government Reform and Oversight Committee, December 10, 1996, p. 3.
[27] Testimony of Fox 5604 MM-1 operator before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 7, 1997.
[28] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "Mission Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) and Chemical Protection" (Information Paper), November 13, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/mopp/.
[29] Lead Sheet #5411, Interview of Fox 5604 wheel operator, July 2, 1997, p. 2; Lead Sheet #5353, Interview of Fox 5604 driver, June 27, 1997, p. 2. See the glossary for a complete description of all MOPP levels.
[30] Statement of GySgt George J. Grass before the Human Resources and Intergovernmental Affairs Subcommittee of the House Government Reform and Oversight Committee, December 10, 1996, p. 3.
[31] Interview of GySgt George Grass, February 20, 1997, p. 59, 60.
[32] Testimony of GySgt George Grass before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 1, 1996.
[33] Statement of GySgt George J. Grass before the Human Resources and Intergovernmental Affairs Subcommittee of the House Government Reform and Oversight Committee, December 10, 1996, p. 3.
[34] Interview of GySgt George Grass, February 20, 1997, p. 61.
[35] Statement of GySgt George J. Grass before the Human Resources and Intergovernmental Affairs Subcommittee of the House Government Reform and Oversight Committee, December 10, 1996, p. 3.
[36] Statement of GySgt George J. Grass before the Human Resources and Intergovernmental Affairs Subcommittee of the House Government Reform and Oversight Committee, December 10, 1996, p. 3.
[37] Interview of GySgt George Grass, February 20, 1997, p. 63, 64.
[38] Interview of GySgt George Grass, February 20, 1997, p. 64.
[39] Testimony of Fox 5604 MM-1 operator before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 7, 1997.
[40] Lead Sheet #5333, Interviews of commanding officer, 1st Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment, June 10 and 24, 1997, and March 29, 2000, p. 1, 2, 3.
[41] Lead Sheet #5333, Interviews of commanding officer, 1st Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment, June 10 and 24, 1997, and March 29, 2000, p. 2, 3.
[42] Lead Sheet #5370, Interview of nuclear, biological, and chemical officer, 1st Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment, July 1, 1997, p. 1.
[43] Lead Sheet #5352, Interview of assistant operations officer, 1st Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment, June 26, 1997, p. 1; Lead Sheet #5333, Interviews of commanding officer, 1st Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment, June 10 and 24, 1997, and March 29, 2000, p. 2; Lead Sheet #5338, Interview of executive officer, 1st Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment, June 25, 1997, p. 1.
[44] Lead Sheet #5333, Interviews of commanding officer, 1st Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment, June 10 and 24, 1997, and March 29, 2000, p. 1, 2; Lead Sheet #5338, Interview of executive officer, 1st Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment, June 25, 1997, p. 1; Lead Sheet #5370, Interview of nuclear, biological, and chemical officer, 1st Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment, July 1, 1997, p. 1; Lead Sheet #5352, Interview of assistant operations officer, 1st Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment, June 26, 1997, p. 1. The 1/5's commanding and NBC officers did not recall hearing the EOD team visited the ASP.
[45] Lead Sheet #5333, Interviews of commanding officer, 1st Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment, June 10 and 24, 1997, and March 29, 2000, p. 1, 2; Lead Sheet #5338, Interview of executive officer, 1st Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment, June 25, 1997, p. 1.
[46] Testimony of GySgt George Grass before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 1, 1996.
[47] 1st Marine Division Journal (February 1991), Subject: "Radio Message Traffic-Ripper," February 28, 1991.
[48] 1st Marine Division Journal (February 1991), Subject: "Radio Message Traffic-DSC [Direct Support Command]," February 28, 1991.
[49] Testimony of GySgt George Grass before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 1, 1996.
[50] United States Central Command, "SPOT Report 282150C," February 28, 1991. The geographic coordinates in this spot report correspond to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid coordinates recorded in other logs.
[51] United States Central Command, "Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Desk Log," February 28, 1991.
[52] 5th Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment, Combat Operations Center Journal, February 28, 1991.
[53] 1st Reconnaissance Battalion Journal, February 28, 1991, p. 4.
[54] 1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment Journal, February 28, 1991.
[55] Lead Sheet #5293, Interview of team leader, 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, May 17, 1996, p. 1.
[56] Lead Sheet #5293, Interview of team leader, 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, May 17, 1996, p. 1, 2.
[57] Lead Sheet #5291, Interview of team member, 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, June 18, 1997, p. 1, 2.
[58] Lead Sheet #5291, Interview of team member, 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, June 18, 1997, p. 2.
[59] GySgt George Grass (Fox commander), "Personal Journal," (unpublished), February 28, 1991.
[60] Lead Sheet #5259, Interview of team leader, 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, June 11, 1997, p. 2.
[61] Lead Sheet #5259, Interview of team leader, 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, June 11, 1997, p. 2; Lead Sheet #5291, Interview of team member, 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, June 18, 1997, p. 2.
[62] Lead Sheet #5291, Interview of team member, 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, June 18, 1997, p. 2; Lead Sheet #5293, Interview of team leader, 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, May 17, 1996, p. 2; Lead Sheet #5259, Interview of team leader, 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, June 11, 1997, p. 2; Callback interview of team member, 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, June 9, 1997, p. 2, 3.
[63] Lead Sheet #5293, Interview of team leader, 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, May 17, 1996, p. 2; Lead Sheet #5259, Interview of team leader, 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, June 11, 1997, p. 1, 2.
[64] Lead Sheet #5259, Interview of team leader, 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, June 11, 1997, p. 2; Lead Sheet #5293, Interview of team leader, 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, May 17, 1996, p. 3.
[65] Lead Sheet #5294, Interview of officer in charge, 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, May 16, 1996, p. 1; Lead Sheet #5293, Interview of team leader, 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, May 17, 1996, p. 2.
[66] Testimony of GySgt George Grass before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 1, 1996.
[67] Lead Sheet #5293, Interview of team leader, 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, May 17, 1996, p. 1.
[68] Lead Sheet #5291, Interview of team member, 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, June 18, 1997, p. 2; Lead Sheet #5293, Interview of team leader, 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, May 17, 1996, p. 2; Lead Sheet #5259, Interview of team leader, 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, June 11, 1997, p. 1, 2; Callback interview of team member, 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, June 9, 1997, p. 2, 3.
[69] Lead Sheet #5263, Interview of 1st Marine Division nuclear, biological, and chemical officer, June 13, 1997, p. 1.
[70] United States Central Command, "SPOT Report 011930C," March 1, 1991.
[71] United States Central Command, "Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Desk Log," March 1, 1991.
[72] United States Army Central Command, VII Corps After Action Report, "Enclosure A (Main) to Appendix 2 (Daily Log Summary) to Tab H (NBC Operations) to VII Corps Desert Shield/Desert Storm After Action Report," p. 27.
[73] Defense Intelligence Agency Intelligence Information Report 7-717-0087-97, Subject: "Post-Gulf War Chemical Warfare Detection Methodology Used in Kuwait," June 1997, paragraph 1; Defense Intelligence Agency Intelligence Information Report 7-717-0082-97, Subject: "Iraqi Ordnance Clean-up Operations in Kuwait," June 1997, paragraph 1, 2.
[74] Defense Intelligence Agency Intelligence Information Report 7-717-0082-97, Subject: "Iraqi Ordnance Clean-up Operations in Kuwait," June 1997, paragraph 4.
[75] Defense Intelligence Agency Intelligence Information Report 7-717-0087-97, Subject: "Post-Gulf War Chemical Warfare Detection Methodology Used in Kuwait," June 1997, paragraph 3.
[76] Defense Intelligence Agency Intelligence Information Report 7-717-0087-97, Subject: "Post-Gulf War Chemical Warfare Detection Methodology Used in Kuwait," June 1997, paragraph 2.
[77] Defense Intelligence Agency Intelligence Information Report 7-717-0082-97, Subject: "Iraqi Ordnance Clean-up Operations in Kuwait," June 1997, paragraph 4.
[78] Defense Intelligence Agency Intelligence Information Report 7-717-0087-97, Subject: "Post-Gulf War Chemical Warfare Detection Methodology Used in Kuwait," June 1997, paragraph 4.
[79] Lead Sheet #5259, Interview of team leader, 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, June 11, 1997, p. 2, 3.
[80] Lead Sheet #1288, Interview of division president, CMS, Inc., February 11, 1997, p. 1.
[81] Defense Intelligence Agency Intelligence Information Report 7-717-0082-97, Subject: "Iraqi Ordnance Clean-up Operations in Kuwait," June 1997, paragraph 7, 8; Lead Sheet #5259, Interview of team leader, 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, June 11, 1997, p. 2, 3.
[82] Testimony of Mr. Charles Duelfer and Mr. Igor A. Mitrokhin, United Nations Special Commission on Iraq, before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, July 29, 1997.
[83] For more detailed information on the Fox and MM-1 Mobile Mass Spectrometer, see Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), March 27, 2001, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/fox_vehicle_ii/.
[84] US Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command, e-mail message, Subject: "Response to CWA Detection Claims," November 12, 1993 @ 4:57 PM; Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), March 27, 2001, p. 3, 8, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/fox_vehicle_ii/.
[85] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), March 27, 2001, p. 10, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/fox_vehicle_ii/.
[86] US Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command, e-mail message, Subject: "Response to CWA Detection Claims," November 12, 1993 @ 4:57 PM; Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), March 27, 2001, p. 10, 12, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/fox_vehicle_ii/.
[87] Testimony of Mr. Richard Vigus, US Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command MM-1 subject matter expert, before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 7, 1997; Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), March 27, 2001, p. 6, 10, 11, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/fox_vehicle_ii/.
[88] Testimony of GySgt George Grass before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 1, 1996. See the glossary for more on concentration, dose, and dosage.
[89] Memorandum from Department of the Army, Office of the Project Manager for NBC Defense Systems, NBC Reconnaissance Office, Subject: "Answers to Fox Questions," February 24, 1997, Enclosure 1; US Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command, e-mail message, Subject: "Response to CWA Detection Claims," November 12, 1993 @ 4:57 PM; Lead Sheet #764, Interview of Fox expert, Chemical and Biological Defense Command, May 28, 1996, p. 2. The Fox expert worked at the NBC Reconnaissance Systems, US Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command (CBDCOM), now known as the US Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command, (SBCCOM), in Edgewood, Maryland.
[90] US Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command, e-mail message, Subject: "Response to CWA Detection Claims," November 12, 1993 @ 4:57 PM.
[91] Testimony of Fox 5604 MM-1 operator before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 7, 1997.
[92] Lead Sheet #10899, Interview of Fox 5604 MM-1 operator, December 1, 1997, p. 2.
[93] Bruker-Franzen Analytik, GMBH, "MM-1 User Manual," February 1987, Chapter 8, p. 11.
[94] Memorandum for the record, US Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command, Subject: "Summary of MM-1 Spectra Checked re: Chemical Warfare Agents (CWA) in Operation Desert Storm (ODS)," February 15, 1994.
[95] Lead Sheet #5431, Interview of Fox expert, US Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command, July 9, 1997, p. 1.
[96] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 31, 37.
[97] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 37.
[98] Lead Sheet #23181, Meeting with Fox subject matter experts, May 6, 1999, p. 2; Lead Sheet #26230, US Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command Fox expert, e-mail message, Subject: "PSOB Questions," April 13, 1999, p. 1.
[99] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 32.
[100] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 30, 32.
[101] Testimony of GySgt George Grass before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, May 1, 1996.
[102] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 31; Lead Sheet #5353, Interview of Fox 5604 driver, June 27, 1997, p. 2; Lead Sheet #5411, Interview of Fox 5604 wheel operator, July 2, 1997, p. 2; Interview of GySgt George Grass, February 20, 1997.
[103] Lead Sheet #5333, Interviews of commanding officer, 1st Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment, June 10 and 24, 1997, and March 29, 2000; Lead Sheet #5338, Interview of executive officer, 1st Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment, June 25, 1997; Lead Sheet #5370, Interview of nuclear, biological, and chemical officer, 1st Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment, July 1, 1997; Lead Sheet #5352, Interview of assistant operations officer, 1st Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment, June 26, 1997.
[104] US Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command, e-mail message, Subject: "Response to CWA Detection Claims," November 12, 1993 @ 4:57 PM; Lead Sheet #748, Interview of MM-1 subject matter expert, US Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command, April 30, 1996, p. 2.
[105] United Nations, The United Nations Blue Book Series, Volume IX, "The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict, 1990-1996," Document 141, "Fourth Report of the Executive Chairman of UNSCOM," New York, NY, United Nations Department of Public Information, 1996, p. 502.
[106] International Chemical Safety Card 1225, National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety web site www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcs/ipcs1225.html (as of October 31, 2001).
[107] Lead Sheet #5353, Interview of Fox 5604 driver, June 27, 1997, p. 2; Lead Sheet #5411, Interview of Fox 5604 wheel operator, July 2, 1997, p. 2.
[108] Lead Sheet #748, Interview of MM-1 subject matter expert, US Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command, April 30, 1996, p. 2; US Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command, e-mail message, Subject: "Response to CWA Detection Claims," November 12, 1993 @ 4:57 PM.
[109] Lead Sheet #5370, Interview of nuclear, biological, and chemical officer, 1st Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment, July 1, 1997, p. 1.
[110] Lead Sheet #5293, Interview of team leader, 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, May 17, 1996, p. 2.
[111] Lead Sheet #5334, Interview of Marine, 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, June 24, 1997, p. 2.
[112] Letter from GySgt [redacted], 1st Force Service Support Group Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon, 7th Engineer Support Battalion, to the Honorable Christopher Shays, Government Reform and Oversight Subcommittee on Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations, December 19, 1996.
[113] United Nations, The United Nations Blue Book Series, Volume IX, "The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict, 1990-1996," Document 141, "Fourth Report of the Executive Chairman of UNSCOM," New York, NY, United Nations Department of Public Information, 1996, p. 502.
[114] Memorandum from the Defense Intelligence Agency, Subject: "DIA Answers to Questions from Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses," June 23, 1997.
[115] Testimony of Ms. Sylvia Copeland, Central Intelligence Agency, before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, July 9, 1996.
[116] Testimony of Mr. Charles Duelfer and Mr. Igor A. Mitrokhin, United Nations Special Commission on Iraq, before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, July 29, 1997.
[117] US Army Field Manual 3-101-2, "NBC Reconnaissance Squad/Platoon (Fox) Operations - Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures," August 10, 1994, p. 5-15.
[118] International Chemical Safety Card 1225, National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety web site www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcs/ipcs1225.html (as of October 31, 2001); Sartori, Mario Dr., The War Gases; Chemistry and Analysis, New York, NY, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1940, p. 132, 133.
[119] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, Glossary, Section II, Definitions and Terms, p. 4-5, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/index.htm (as of October 31, 2001); US Army Material Safety Data Sheet, "HQ Mustard," Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 30, 1995.
[120] Chemical and Biological Defense Command mission statement, web site www.sbccom.army.mil/hooah/pubs/cbdcom98.pdf (as of October 31, 2001).
[121] US Army Material Safety Data Sheet, "Chemical Agent Monitor (CAM)," December 2, 1999.
[122] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, Glossary, Section II, Definitions and Terms, p. 6, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/index.htm (as of October 31, 2001).
[123] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Glossary, p. 107.
[124] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 108. For additional information on physical symptoms and dosage see; US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/index.htm (as of October 31, 2001).
[125] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, p. 108.
[126] Department of Defense, Joint Publication 1-02, "Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms," April 6, 1999, p. 162, web site www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf (as of October 31, 2001).
[127] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 31.
[128] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 37-38.
[129] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, Chapter 2, p. 30; US Army Material Safety Data Sheet, "HQ Mustard," Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 30, 1995.
[130] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, and Mary Frances Tracy, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, October 1995, p. 421-424. Copies of the Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook may be purchased from the CBIAC. To order, please contact the CBIAC Administrator, via phone (410-676-9030), fax (410-676-9703), e-mail (cbiac@battelle.org), or use the interactive request form on the CBIAC web site http://iac.dtic.mil/cbiac/ (as of November 2, 2001).
[131] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, and Mary Frances Tracy, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, October 1995, p. 408-409.
[132] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "Mission Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) and Chemical Protection" (Information Paper), November 13, 1997, p. 4, 8, 9, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/mopp/.
[133] US Army Field Manual 3-4, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-9, "NBC Protection," May 1992, Chapter 2, p. 4.
[134] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), March 27, 2001, p. 10, 11, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/fox_vehicle_ii/.
[135] US Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command mission statement, web site www.sbccom.army.mil/about/mission.htm (as of October 31, 2001).
[136] Department of Defense, Joint Publication 1-02, "Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms," April 6, 1999, p. 430, web site www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf (as of October 31, 2001).
[137] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), March 27, 2001, p. 5, 24, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/fox_vehicle_ii/.
[138] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), March 27, 2001, p. 5, 6, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/fox_vehicle_ii/.
[139] "Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction," April 29, 1997. This chemical weapons convention opened for signature in Paris, France, on January 13, 1993. As of June 26, 2001, 174 states have signed, ratified, or acceded to it. The United States signed on January 13, 1993, and ratified the Convention on April 25, 1997. Part XI of the convention, "Investigations in Cases of Alleged Use of Chemical Weapons," details some of the procedures. We found other protocols and guidelines in Methodology and Instrumentation for Sampling and Analysis in the Verification of Chemical Disarmament, The Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Helsinki, Finland, 1985; Verification Methods, Handling, and Assessment of Unusual Events in Relation to Allegations of the Use of Novel Chemical Warfare Agents, Consultant University of Saskatchewan in conjunction with the Verification Research Unit of External Affairs and International Trade Canada, March 1990; and Handbook for the Investigation of Allegations of the Use of Chemical or Biological Weapons, Department of External Affairs, Department of National Defence, Health and Welfare Canada, and Agriculture Canada, November 1985. US Army Field Manual 3-4, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-9, "NBC Protection," May 1992; US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11 (adopted as NATO Field Manual 8-285), "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/Part_I/index.htm (as of October 31, 2001).; US Army Field Manual 19-20, "Law Enforcement Investigations," November 25, 1985; and other DoD investigational procedures contributed ideas in developing this methodology.
[140] Letter from the chairman, Presidential Special Oversight Board for Department of Defense Investigations of Gulf War Chemical and Biological Incidents, July 24, 2000, p. 1.
[141] Letter from the chairman, Presidential Special Oversight Board for Department of Defense Investigations of Gulf War Chemical and Biological Incidents, July 24, 2000, p. 3.
[142] US Army Test and Evaluation Command Test Report, "International Materiel Evaluation (IME) of the German NBC Reconnaissance System," April 1989, p. 21.
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