[2] Information paper written by Subject Matter Experts from CBDCOM, Edgewood, MD.
[3] The first vehicle arrived in the Persian Gulf in late September 1990 and the last vehicles arrived in the middle of February.
[4] The M43A1 chemical detector when combined with the M42 alarm forms the M8A1 Automatic Chemical Agent Alarm.
[5] The X as in the nomenclature XM93, usually designates an item as experimental. When the US received 60 Foxes from the Germans, the Army had already tested the vehicle and was in the process of purchasing 48 vehicles. In this case, the X denotes that this vehicle had not yet been type-classified by DOD.
[6] In addition to these detectors, the M21 infrared detector will be added to many of the Foxes to provide stand-off chemical agent detection.
[7] MM-1 User Manual, Bruker-Franzen Analytik GmbH, copyright 1987.
[8] The minimum detectable amount is three times the square root of the average background. 3*(average background)1/2.
[9] The MM-1 has the capability to analyze each substance by following a procedure known as a series spectrum. However, US operators were not trained to perform series spectrums so this paper does not describe the process.
[10] In the Air Monitor Mode, the MM-1 continuously monitors for chemical agents until the operator directs the MM-1 to perform more specialized analysis (e.g. taking a spectrum). The Surface Monitor Mode performs one cycle of several measurements. At the end of this cycle, the process would have to be started again by the MM-1 operator. The resultant data from the Surface Monitor Mode required additional scientific interpretation by the MM-1 operator. For simplicity and the continuous monitoring capability, the Air Monitor Mode was the only mode authorized for use by US Fox crews.
[11] The M43A1 can detect as little as 0.2 mg/m3 of G agent vapor, while the MM-1 requires at least 100 mg/m3.
[12] A technical discussion of the M43A1 Chemical Agent Detector can be found in the M8A1 Automatic Chemical Agent Alarm Information Paper due for release September 1997.
[13] Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects; June 1994 Table 18.
[14] Because the minimum detectable amount is calculated from the background and backgrounds vary dependent on environmental and atmospheric conditions the minimum detectable amounts will vary. The sensitivities listed in Table 2 are relevant only for the specific conditions they were calculated from.
[15] At this level unprotected personnel would experience symptoms from Sarin before the MM-1 would alert.
[16] The entire 60 substance chemical library programmed into the Fox vehicle during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm is shown in Tab C.
[17] Memorandum from the Office of the Project Manager for NBC Defense Systems, Subject: Results of the Combat Systems Test Activity (CSTA) MM-1 Excursion Test, 14 July 1993.
[18] This table does not include all the interfering agents for every chemical in the Fox chemical library. A notable addition to this list is oil well smoke which produces ions that are present in a number of chemical agents.
[19] Report from Bruker Analytical Systems, Inc., Subject: Analysis of MM1 Data for Sarin False Alarm and CS identification, 2 October 1996.
[20] Ember, Lois R. "Chemical Warfare Agent Detectors Probe the Fogs of War." C&EN, 1 August 1994: 26-32.
[21] Not a chemical warfare agent but is considered a dangerous chemical and was included in the Fox chemical library.
[22] Letter from Richard Vigus, Subject Matter Expert, CBDCOM, Edgewood, MD, 12 November 1993.
[23] MM-1 User Manual, Bruker-Franzen Analytik GmbH, copyright 1986 pp. 6-10 through 6-12.
[24] Letter from Subject Matter Expert, CBDCOM, Edgewood, MD.
[25] Any place other than the controlled environment of a laboratory may be a multi-chemical environment.
[26] MM1 Detection Scenarios, CBDCOM, Edgewood, MD.
[27] For example, the letter A shows the MM1 is not using the wheels. The letter C shows the wheels are in use.
[28] NBC Reconnaissance Squad/Platoon (Fox) Operations, US Army Field Manual 3-101-2, pg. 5-2, 10 August 1994.
[29] The MM1 was programmed to issue a warning at a logarithmic relative intensity value of 0.6 and alarm at a logarithmic relative intensity value of 0.9 for every chemical in the Chemical Library. The relative intensities are based on the background readings taken at the start of the mission.
[30] NBC Reconnaissance Squad/Platoon (Fox) Operations, US Army Field Manual 3-101-2, pg. 5-2, 10 August 1994.
[31] Marine Corps NBC Defense in South West Asia, Marine Corps Research Center, Research Paper #92-0009. (Note: This document is currently unavailable pending review and revision.)
[32] After Action Report on Fuchs NBCRS.
[33] After Action Report on Fuchs NBCRS.
[34] Marine Corps NBC Defense in South West Asia, Marine Corps Research Center, Research Paper #92-0009. (Note: This document is currently unavailable pending review and revision.)
[35] After Action Report on Fuchs NBCRS.
[36] A stand-off chemical detector is a device that alarms to the presence of chemical agents with out being located within the contamination.
| First Page | Prev Page | Next Page |