END NOTES

[1] An acronym/abbreviation listing and glossary is at Tab A.

[2] USCENTCOM After Action Review briefing slide, Subject: "Preface to the Final Chapter Closeout AAR."

[3] Lead Sheet 24305 (previously 1137), Interview of the 3-77 commander, 8th Infantry Division, V Corps, July 12, 1999.

[4] A listing of all units involved in the incident is located in Tab B.

[5] For more information about the M256 series chemical agent detector kit, see Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "M256 Series Chemical Agent Detector Kit" (Information Paper), July 23, 1999, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/m256/.

[6] Memorandum for Record from platoon leader, 25th Chemical Company and Task Force 3-77 chemical officer, Subject: "Gas Canisters Found in Monterey," September 16, 1991; Lead Sheet 24328, Interview of the Task Force chemical officer, July 14, 1999.

[7] Memorandum for Record from platoon leader, 25th Chemical Company and Task Force 3-77 chemical officer, Subject: "Gas Canisters Found in Monterey," September 16, 1991; Lead Sheet 24328, Interview of the Task Force chemical officer, July 14, 1999.

[8] Memorandum for Record from platoon leader, 25th Chemical Company and Task Force 3-77 chemical officer, Subject: "Gas Canisters Found in Monterey," September 16, 1991; Lead Sheet 24305 (previously 1137), Interview of the commander of the 3-77 Armor Regiment, 8th Infantry Division, V Corps, July 12, 1999; Lead Sheet 1214, Interview of Fox Vehicle operator, January 3, 1997; Lead Sheet 12217, Interview of injured soldier, July 7, 1997; Lead Sheet 12577, Interview of injured soldier, September 1, 1997; Lead Sheet 1214 lists the soldiers present at the incident who were members of the units listed in Tab B.

[9] Mission oriented protective posture gear provides soldiers protection against chemical and biological agents. Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses," Mission Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) and Chemical Protection" (Information Paper), October 30, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/mopp/.

[10] Lead Sheet 12577, Interview of injured soldier, September 1, 1997; Lead Sheet 24328, Interview of the Task Force chemical officer, July 14, 1999.

[11] Memorandum for Record from platoon leader, 25th Chemical Company and Task Force 3-77 chemical officer, Subject: "Gas Canisters Found in Monterey," September 16, 1991; Lead Sheet 24305 (previously 1137), Interview of the commander of the 3-77 Armor Regiment, 8th Infantry Division, V Corps, July 12, 1999; Lead Sheet 24328, Interview of the Task Force chemical officer, July 14, 1999.

[12] For more information about the Fox vehicle, see Tab E and the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29,1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.

[13] Memorandum for Record from platoon leader, 25th Chemical Company and Task Force 3-77 chemical officer, Subject: "Gas Canisters Found in Monterey," September 16, 1991; Lead Sheet 24352, Interview of the 25th Chemical Company platoon leader, July 15, 1999.

[14] US Army Field Manual 8-285, "Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," February 28, 1990, Chapter 2; US Army Material Safety Data Sheet, CAS 329-99-7, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 30, 1994.

[15] Lead Sheet 11063, Interview of the commander of the second Fox reconnaissance vehicle, June 13, 1997.

[16] Copies of these Fox tapes have not been located and are therefore not included in the current narrative.

[17] Memorandum for Record from platoon leader, 25th Chemical Company and Task Force 3-77 chemical officer, Subject: "Gas Canisters Found in Monterey," September 16, 1991; Lead Sheet 24352, Interview of the 25th Chemical Company platoon leader, July 15, 1999.

[18] US Army Field Manual 8-285, "Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," February 28, 1990, Chapter 7; US Army Material Safety Data Sheet, CAS 2698-41-1, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 30, 1994.

[19] US Army Field Manual 8-285, "Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," February 28, 1990, Chapter 2; US Army Material Safety Data Sheet, CAS 329-99-7, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 30, 1994.  p. 2-8.

[20] US Army Field Manual 8-285, "Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," February 28, 1990, Chapter 7; US Army Material Safety Data Sheet, CAS 2698-41-1, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 30, 1994.

[21] Lead Sheet 12217, Interview of injured soldier, July 7, 1997.

[22] Lead Sheet 24352, Interview of the 25th Chemical Company platoon leader, July 15, 1999.

[23] Memorandum for Record from platoon leader, 25th Chemical Company and Task Force 3-77 chemical officer, Subject: "Gas Canisters Found in Monterey," September 16, 1991; Lead Sheet 24352, Interview of the 25th Chemical Company platoon leader, July 15, 1999.

[24] The Camp Monterey detection was investigated based on information provided by a government contractor responsible for maintaining the mobile mass spectrometer on Fox nuclear, biological, and chemical reconnaissance vehicles under US Central Command's control during Operations Desert Shield/Storm.

[25] Memorandum for Record from platoon leader, 25th Chemical Company and Task Force 3-77 chemical officer, Subject: "Gas Canisters Found in Monterey," September 16, 1991; Lead Sheet 24352, Interview of the 25th Chemical Company platoon leader, July 15, 1999.

[26] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 19.

[27] Memorandum for Record from platoon leader, 25th Chemical Company and Task Force 3-77 chemical officer, Subject: "Gas Canisters Found in Monterey," September 16, 1991.

[28] Letter to the Persian Gulf Investigative Team (sic), September 11, 1996.

[29] Letter to the Persian Gulf Investigative Team (sic), September 11, 1996.

[30] The meaning of these detection concentrations is outlined in the paper, Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.

[31] The US Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command (CBDCOM) officially changed its name to US Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command (SBCCOM) in 1998.

[32] The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is an authority in mass spectrometry. One ongoing NIST effort is to develop a mass spectral database "containing every compound in commerce" which will define standard "finger prints" to identify compounds using a mass spectrometer. NIST Homepage, Chemical Science and Technology section, web site www.nist.gov/public_affairs/guide/cstext.htm (as of May 22, 1997).

[33] Lead Sheet 941, Synopsis of the analyses conducted by the US Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command, Bruker Analytical Systems, Inc., and the National Institute of Standards and Technology, September 16, 1996.

[34] Lead Sheet 1214, Interview of Fox Vehicle operator, January 3, 1997; Lead Sheet 1137, Interview of the commander of the 3-77 Armor Regiment, 8th Infantry Division, V Corps, November 7, 1996; Lead Sheet 1125, Interview of the government contractor, October 28, 1996. See also Lead Sheet 960, September 17, 1996, regarding contact with the government contractor's lawyer to arrange interview with the government contractor.

[35] Lead Sheet 24305 (previously 1137), Interview of the commander of the 3-77 Armor Regiment, 8th Infantry Division, V Corps, July 12, 1999; Lead Sheet 11063, Interview of the commander of the second Fox reconnaissance vehicle, June 13, 1997; Lead Sheet 24328, Interview of the Task Force chemical officer, July 14, 1999; Lead Sheet 24352, Interview of the 25th Chemical Company platoon leader, July 15, 1999; Lead Sheet 12577, Interview of injured soldier, September 1, 1997; Lead Sheet 12217, Interview of injured soldier, July 7, 1997.

[36] CS was, in fact, on the monitor list, as seen in the copy of the tapes included in Letter to the Persian Gulf Investigative Team (sic), September 11, 1996. The quote is taken from the Memorandum from the Office of the Project Manager for NBC Defense Systems, Subject: Evaluation of MM1 Tapes, October 23, 1996.

[37] Report from Bruker Analytical Systems, Inc., Subject: "Analysis of MM-1 Data for Sarin False Alarm and CS Identification," October 2, 1996, p. 1.

[38] Report from Bruker Analytical Systems, Inc., Subject: "Analysis of MM-1 Data for Sarin False Alarm and CS Identification," October 2, 1996, p. 2.

[39] Report from Bruker Analytical Systems, Inc., Subject: "Analysis of MM-1 Data for Sarin False Alarm and CS Identification," October 2, 1996, p. 2-3.

[40] Report from Bruker Analytical Systems, Inc., Subject: "Analysis of MM-1 Data for Sarin False Alarm and CS Identification," October 2, 1996, p. 2.

[41] Report from Bruker Analytical Systems, Inc., Subject: "Analysis of MM-1 Data for Sarin False Alarm and CS Identification," October 2, 1996, p. 5.

[42] Letter from National Institute of Standards and Technology Mass Spectrometry Data Center, October 7, 1996.

[43] Memorandum for Record from platoon leader, 25th Chemical Company and Task Force 3-77 chemical officer, Subject: "Gas Canisters Found in Monterey," September 16, 1991.

[44] Lead Sheet 24352, Interview of the 25th Chemical Company platoon leader, July 15, 1999; Lead Sheet 24328, Interview of the Task Force chemical officer, July 14, 1999.

[45] Lead Sheet 1214, Interview of Fox Vehicle operator, January 3, 1997.

[46] Lead Sheet 24328, Interview of the Task Force chemical officer, July 14, 1999; Lead Sheet 24352, Interview of the 25th Chemical Company platoon leader, July 15, 1999; Lead Sheet 1125, Interview of the government contractor, October 28, 1996.

[47] Lead Sheet 12577, Interview of injured soldier, September 1, 1997.

[48] Lead Sheet 12217, Interview of injured soldier, July 7, 1997.

[49] Lead Sheet 24305 (previously 1137), Interview of the commander of the 3-77 Armor Regiment, 8th Infantry Division, V Corps, July 12, 1999.

[50] Memorandum for Record from platoon leader, 25th Chemical Company and Task Force 3-77 chemical officer, Subject: "Gas Canisters Found in Monterey," September 16, 1991; Lead Sheet 24352, Interview of the 25th Chemical Company platoon leader, July 15, 1999; Lead Sheet 24328, Interview of the Task Force chemical officer, July 14, 1999.

[51] Lead Sheet 12217, Interview of injured soldier, July 7, 1997; Lead Sheet 24232, Interview of injured soldier, July 7, 1999; Lead Sheet 11063, Interview of the commander of the second Fox reconnaissance vehicle, June 13, 1997; Lead Sheet 12577, Interview of injured soldier, September 1, 1997.

[52] Lead Sheet 24352, Interview of the 25th Chemical Company platoon leader, July 15, 1999.

[53] Letter from the Office of the Secretary of Defense, November 5, 1996. See also Memorandum to Assistant Secretary of Defense (Health Affairs) from Director Persian Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses Investigation Team, Subject: "Response Concerning Possible Release of Sarin at Camp Monterey, Kuwait on 16 September 1991," October 16, 1996.

[54] WWWebster Dictionary copyright (c) 1998 by Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, web site, /www.m-w.com/dictionary (as of September 2, 1999).

[55] Taken from the CBDCOM mission statement, web site www.sbccom.army.mil/hooah/pubs/cbdcom98.pdf (as of September 2, 1999).

[56] US Army Field Manual 3-4, "NBC Protection," May 29, 1992, p. Glossary-0.

[57] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 3, p. 57.

[58] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 23.

[59] Joint Publication 1-02, "Dictionary of Military Terms," Department of Defense, April 6, 1999, p. 162, web site www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/data/e/02287.html (as of September 2, 1999).

[60] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, " The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, P. 3-4, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.

[61] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual No 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," Washington, DC, December 12, 1990, p. 17-18; US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Publication P-5041, US Air Force Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties And Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," Washington, DC, December 22, 1995, p. 2-1, web site http://www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I/ (as of June 25, 1999).

[62] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 19.

[63] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 23.

[64] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, Mary Frances Tracy, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, October 1995, p. 430. Copies of the Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook may be purchased from the CBIAC. To order, please contact the CBIAC Administrator, via phone (410-676-9030), fax (410-676-9703), e-mail (cbiac@battelle.org), or use the interactive request form on the CBIAC web site www.cbiac.apgea.army.mil (as of October 19, 1999). See also Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, " M256 Series Chemical Agent Detector Kit" (Information Paper), July 23, 1999, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/m256/.

[65] Brletich, Nancy R., Mary Jo Waters, Gregory W. Bowen, Mary Frances Tracy, Worldwide Chemical Detection Equipment Handbook, Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center, October 1995, p. 430.

[66] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, p. 2, 8-9, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/ (as of October 14, 1999).

[67] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, " Mission Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) and Chemical Protection" (Information Paper), October 30, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/mopp/.

[68] US Army Field Manual 3-4, US Marine Corp Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-09, "NBC Protection," February 21, 1996, chapter 2, p. 4-5.

[69] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," Glossary, Section II, Definitions and Terms, December 22, 1995, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I (as of August 23, 1999).

[70] US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy Medical Publication P-5041, US Air Force Joint Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11, "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," Glossary, Section II, Definitions and Terms, December 22, 1995, web site www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/PART_I (as of August 23, 1999).

[71] US Army Field Manual 3-9, US Navy Publication P-467, US Air Force Manual 355-7, "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds," December 12, 1990, chapter 2, p. 19.

[72] Taken from the SBCCOM mission statement web site www.sbccom.army.mil/about/mission.htm (as of September 2, 1999).

[73] Joint Publication 1-02, "Dictionary of Military Terms," Department of Defense, April 6, 1999, web site www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/data/t/06258.html (as of September 2, 1999).

[74] "Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction," April 29, 1997. This chemical weapons convention was opened for signature in Paris, France, on January 13, 1993. It has been signed by 165 states and ratified or acceded by 106 states (as of February 1998). It was signed by the United States on January 13, 1993, and ratified on April 25, 1997. Part XI of the convention, "Investigations in Cases of Alleged Use of Chemical Weapons," details some of the procedures. Other protocols and guidelines were found in Methodology and Instrumentation for Sampling and Analysis in the Verification of Chemical Disarmament, The Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Helsinki, Finland, 1985; Verification Methods, Handling, and Assessment Of Unusual Events In Relation To Allegations of the Use of Novel Chemical Warfare Agents, Consultant University of Saskatchewan in conjunction with the Verification Research Unit of External Affairs and International Trade Canada, March 1990; and Handbook for the Investigation of Allegations of the Use of Chemical or Biological Weapons, Department of External Affairs, Department of National Defence, Health and Welfare Canada, and Agriculture Canada, November 1985. US Army Field Manual 3-4, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-9, "NBC Protection," May 1992; US Army Field Manual 8-285, US Navy NAVMED P-5041, US Air Force Manual 44-149, US Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-11 (adopted as NATO Field Manual 8-285), "Treatment Of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries," December 22, 1995; US Army Field Manual 19-20, "Law Enforcement Investigations," November 25, 1985; and other DoD investigational procedures contributed ideas for the development of this methodology.

[75] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.

[76] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, ""The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.

[77] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.

[78] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.

[79] US Army Field Manual 3-101-2, "NBC Reconnaissance Squad/Platoon (FOX) Operations - Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures," August 10, 1994, p. 5-2, 5-3.

[80] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.

[81] Lead Sheet 23181, Meeting with Fox subject matter experts, May 6, 1999.

[82] Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, "The Fox NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle" (Information Paper), July 29, 1997, web site www.gulflink.health.mil/foxnbc/.


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